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Nutrients
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Health Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
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Health Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 October 2019) | Viewed by 25873

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Silvia Rudloff

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Guest Editor
Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
Interests: human milk oligosaccharides (HMO); cell culture studies; HMO metabolism in infants; antigen transport; inflammation; immune modulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The tremendous progress in the field of biotechnology opened a new era in the field of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs are currently being investigated in laboratory, preclinical, and clinical studies. The Special Issue deals with the role of human milk oligosaccharides in infants´ health. Renowned experts have been invited for their critical view on the analytical aspects, the evolution of microbial colonization in early life, and other potential health effects that have been investigated in preclinical and clinical studies.

Prof. Dr. Silvia Rudloff
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Human milk oligosaccharides
  • Analysis
  • Bifidobacteria
  • Intestinal microbiome
  • Gastrointestinal functions
  • Immune effects
  • Health outcomes

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1890 KiB  
Article
Evidence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Cord Blood and Maternal-to-Fetal Transport across the Placenta
by Birgit Hirschmugl, Waltraud Brandl, Bence Csapo, Mireille van Poppel, Harald Köfeler, Gernot Desoye, Christian Wadsack and Evelyn Jantscher-Krenn
Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112640 - 04 Nov 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3881
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are present in maternal serum in early gestation, raising the question of whether HMOs can cross the placental barrier and reach fetal circulation. Here, we aimed to detect HMOs in cord blood, and assess HMO composition and concentration in [...] Read more.
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are present in maternal serum in early gestation, raising the question of whether HMOs can cross the placental barrier and reach fetal circulation. Here, we aimed to detect HMOs in cord blood, and assess HMO composition and concentration in relation to maternal HMOs. In an ex-vivo placental perfusion model, we asked whether HMOs can pass over the placenta. Using HPLC, we measured HMOs in maternal serum and matching venous cord blood samples collected at delivery from normal pregnancies (n = 22). To investigate maternal-to-fetal transport, we perfused isolated placental cotyledons from term pregnancies (n = 3) with 2’-fucosyllactose (2′FL) in a double closed setting. We found up to 18 oligosaccharides typically present in maternal serum in all cord serum samples investigated. Median total cord blood HMO concentration did not differ from the concentration in maternal serum. HMO composition resembled the composition in maternal serum, with the strongest correlations for 2′FL and LDFT. After 180 min perfusion, we found 22% of maternally offered 2′FL in the fetal circuit without reaching equilibrium. Our results provide direct evidence of HMOs in cord blood, and suggest that the placenta transfers HMOs from the maternal to fetal circuit. Future studies will investigate potential differences in the transfer of specific HMOs, or in pregnancy disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides)
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13 pages, 3720 KiB  
Article
6′-Sialyllactose Ameliorates In Vivo and In Vitro Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Regulating the E2F1/pRb–AR Pathway
by Bo-Ram Jin, Hyo-Jung Kim, Eun-Yeong Kim, Tae-Wook Chung, Ki-Tae Ha and Hyo-Jin An
Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092203 - 12 Sep 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4216
Abstract
Background: 6′-Sialyllactose (6SL) displays a wide range of the bioactive benefits, such as anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities. However, the therapeutic effects of 6SL on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remain unknown. Methods: Six-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 40) were used for in [...] Read more.
Background: 6′-Sialyllactose (6SL) displays a wide range of the bioactive benefits, such as anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities. However, the therapeutic effects of 6SL on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remain unknown. Methods: Six-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 40) were used for in vivo experiments. All rats were castrated and experimental BPH was induced in castrated rats by intramuscular injection of testosterone, with the exception of those in the control group. Rats with BPH were administrated finasteride and 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg 6SL. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of 6SL on human epithelial BPH cell line (BPH-1) cells were determined in vitro. Results: Rats with BPH exhibited outstanding BPH manifestations, including prostate enlargement, histological alterations, and increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Compared to those in the BPH group, rats in the 6SL group showed fewer pathological changes and normal androgen events, followed by restoration of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and cell cycle-related proteins. In BPH-1 cells, treatment with 6SL significantly suppressed the effects on the androgen receptor (AR), PSA, and E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)-dependent cell cycle protein expression. Conclusions: 6SL demonstrated anti-proliferative effects in a testosterone-induced BPH rat model and on BPH-1 cells by regulating the pRB/E2F1–AR pathway. According to our results, we suggest that 6SL may be considered a potential agent for the treatment of BPH. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides)
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Review

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21 pages, 1809 KiB  
Review
Varied Pathways of Infant Gut-Associated Bifidobacterium to Assimilate Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Prevalence of the Gene Set and Its Correlation with Bifidobacteria-Rich Microbiota Formation
by Mikiyasu Sakanaka, Aina Gotoh, Keisuke Yoshida, Toshitaka Odamaki, Hiroka Koguchi, Jin-zhong Xiao, Motomitsu Kitaoka and Takane Katayama
Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010071 - 26 Dec 2019
Cited by 116 | Viewed by 11793
Abstract
The infant’s gut microbiome is generally rich in the Bifidobacterium genus. The mother’s milk contains natural prebiotics, called human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids, and of the different gut microbes, infant gut-associated bifidobacteria are [...] Read more.
The infant’s gut microbiome is generally rich in the Bifidobacterium genus. The mother’s milk contains natural prebiotics, called human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids, and of the different gut microbes, infant gut-associated bifidobacteria are the most efficient in assimilating HMOs. Indeed, the fecal concentration of HMOs was found to be negatively correlated with the fecal abundance of Bifidobacterium in infants. Given these results, two HMO molecules, 2′-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, have recently been industrialized to fortify formula milk. As of now, however, our knowledge about the HMO consumption pathways in infant gut-associated bifidobacteria is still incomplete. The recent studies indicate that HMO assimilation abilities significantly vary among different Bifidobacterium species and strains. Therefore, to truly maximize the effects of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation in commercialized formula, we need to understand HMO consumption behaviors of bifidobacteria in more detail. In this review, we summarized how different Bifidobacterium species/strains are equipped with varied gene sets required for HMO assimilation. We then examined the correlation between the abundance of the HMO-related genes and bifidobacteria-rich microbiota formation in the infant gut through data mining analysis of a deposited fecal microbiome shotgun sequencing dataset. Finally, we shortly described future perspectives on HMO-related studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides)
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21 pages, 1094 KiB  
Review
Challenges and Pitfalls in Human Milk Oligosaccharide Analysis
by Sander S. van Leeuwen
Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112684 - 06 Nov 2019
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5402
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers’ milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the third most abundant component of human milk, ranging from 10–15 g/L in mature milk and up to and over 20 g/L [...] Read more.
Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers’ milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the third most abundant component of human milk, ranging from 10–15 g/L in mature milk and up to and over 20 g/L reported in colostrum. Initially, health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides were assigned via observational studies on the differences between breastfed and bottle fed infants. Later, pools of milk oligosaccharides were isolated and used in functional studies and in recent years more specific studies into structure–function relationships have identified some advanced roles for milk oligosaccharides in the healthy development of infants. In other research, the levels, diversity, and complexity of human milk oligosaccharides have been studied, showing a wide variation in results. This review gives a critical overview of challenges in the analysis of human milk oligosaccharides. In view of the myriad functions that can be assigned, often to specific structures or classes of structures, it is very relevant to assess the levels of these structures in the human milk correctly, as well as in other biological sample materials. Ultimately, the review makes a case for a comparative, inter-laboratory study on quantitative human milk oligosaccharide analysis in all relevant biological samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides)
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