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Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health

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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Carbohydrates".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 48274

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bernard Venn

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Guest Editor

Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
Interests: clinical trials; carbohydrate; sugar; fructose; fibre; B vitamins
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Barbara Fielding

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Interests: fatty acids; lipoproteins; stable isotope tracers; adipose tissue; sugars

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fructose and glucose: The fuels of life or the drivers of obesity? Wherever your views lie, we welcome quality research and review manuscripts that will place these carbohydrates into the perspective of contemporary living. This is a Special Issue with a broad reach with the potential to delve into archaeology, natural history, basic science, epidemiology, physiology, genetics, interventions, and reviews. This is a great opportunity to make a contribution describing the roles of fructose and glucose in human health and disease.

Dr. Bernard Venn
Dr. Barbara Fielding
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Fructose
Glucose
Carbohydrate
Available carbohydrate
Sugar
Sucrose
Starch
High fructose corn syrup

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Fructose Feeding on Intestinal Triacylglycerol Production and De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis in Humans

by Simon Steenson, Fariba Shojaee-Moradie, Martin B. Whyte, Kim G. Jackson, Julie A. Lovegrove, Barbara A. Fielding and A. Margot Umpleby

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061781 - 15 Jun 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4264

Abstract

A high fructose intake exacerbates postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, although it is unclear whether this is due to increased production or impaired clearance of triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins. We determined the in vivo acute effect of fructose on postprandial intestinal and hepatic lipoprotein TAG kinetics and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Five overweight men were studied twice, 4 weeks apart. They consumed hourly mixed-nutrient drinks that were high-fructose (30% energy) or low-fructose (<2% energy) for 11 h. Oral ²H₂O was administered to measure fasting and postprandial DNL. Postprandial chylomicron (CM)-TAG and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TAG kinetics were measured with an intravenous bolus of [²H₅]-glycerol. CM and VLDL were separated by their apolipoprotein B content using antibodies. Plasma TAG (p < 0.005) and VLDL-TAG (p = 0.003) were greater, and CM-TAG production rate (PR, p = 0.046) and CM-TAG fractional catabolic rate (FCR, p = 0.073) lower when high-fructose was consumed, with no differences in VLDL-TAG kinetics. Insulin was lower (p = 0.005) and apoB48 (p = 0.039), apoB100 (p = 0.013) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (p = 0.013) were higher after high-fructose. Postprandial hepatic fractional DNL was higher than intestinal fractional DNL with high-fructose (p = 0.043) and low-fructose (p = 0.043). Fructose consumption had no effect on the rate of intestinal or hepatic DNL. We provide the first measurement of the rate of intestinal DNL in humans. Lower CM-TAG PR and CM-TAG FCR with high-fructose consumption suggests lower clearance of CM, rather than elevated production, may contribute to elevated plasma TAG, possibly due to lower insulin-mediated stimulation of lipoprotein lipase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health)

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17 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Giardia intestinalis and Fructose Malabsorption: A Frequent Association

by María Trelis, Silvia Taroncher-Ferrer, Mónica Gozalbo, Vicente Ortiz, José M. Soriano, Antonio Osuna and Juan F. Merino-Torres

Nutrients 2019, 11(12), 2973; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122973 - 5 Dec 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8785

Abstract

Nowadays, scientific studies are emerging on the possible etiological role of intestinal parasites in functional digestive disorders. Our study was carried out with healthy individuals (control group; n = 82) and symptomatic patients with lactose or fructose malabsorption, including positive (malabsorbers; n = 213) and negative (absorbers; n = 56) breath test, being analyzed for the presence of intestinal parasites. A high parasitic prevalence was observed in malabsorbers (41.8%), exclusively due to single-cell eukaryotes but not helminths. Giardia intestinalis was the predominant parasite in cases of abnormal absorption (26.5%), significantly associated with fructose malabsorption and doubling the probability of developing this pathology. Within controls, Blastocystis sp. (13.4%) was almost the only parasite, being the second among patients (12.6%), and Cryptosporidium parvum, the last species of clinical relevance, was detected exclusively in two malabsorbers (0.9%). The consumption of ecological food and professions with direct contact with humans arose as risk factors of parasitism. A diagnosis of carbohydrate malabsorption in adulthood is the starting point, making the search for the primary cause necessary. Accurate parasitological diagnosis should be considered another tool in the clinical routine for patients with recurrent symptoms, since their condition may be reversible with adequate therapeutic intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health)

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9 pages, 2335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Performance Following Ingestion of Glucose–Fructose Sweeteners That Impart Different Postprandial Glycaemic Responses: A Randomised Control Trial

by Celeste Keesing, Brianna Mills, Charlene Rapsey, Jillian Haszard and Bernard Venn

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112647 - 4 Nov 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3467

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the isolated effect of glycaemia on cognitive test performance by using beverages sweetened with two different glucose–fructose disaccharides, sucrose and isomaltulose. In a randomised crossover design, 70 healthy adults received a low-glycaemic-index (GI) isomaltulose and sucralose beverage (GI 32) and a high-GI sucrose beverage (GI 65) on two occasions that were separated by two weeks. Following beverage ingestion, declarative memory and immediate word recall were examined at 30, 80 and 130 min. At 140 min, executive function was tested. To confirm that the glycaemic response of the test beverages matched published GI estimates, a subsample (n = 12) of the cognitive testing population (n = 70) underwent glycaemic response testing on different test days. A significantly lower value of mean (95% CI) blood glucose concentration incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was found for isomaltulose, in comparison to the blood glucose concentration iAUC value for sucrose, the difference corresponding to −44 mmol/L∙min (−70, −18), p = 0.003. The mean (95% CI) difference in numbers of correct answers or words recalled between beverages at 30, 80 and 130 min were 0.1 (−0.2, 0.5), −0.3 (−0.8, 0.2) and 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) for declarative memory, and −0.5 (−1.4, 0.3), 0.4 (−0.4, 1.3) and −0.4 (−1.1, 0.4) for immediate free word recall. At 140 min, the mean difference in the trail-making test between beverages was −0.3 sec (−6.9, 6.3). None of these differences were statistically or clinically significant. In summary, cognitive performance was unaffected by different glycaemic responses to beverages during the postprandial period of 140 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health)

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14 pages, 2691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Excessive Fructose Intake Impairs Baroreflex Sensitivity and Led to Elevated Blood Pressure in Rats

by Hsin-Hung Chen, Chih-Hsun Chu, Shu-Wei Wen, Chi-Cheng Lai, Pei-Wen Cheng and Ching-Jiunn Tseng

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2581; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112581 - 25 Oct 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4320

Abstract

Hypertension development with an increased intake of added sugar, especially excessive fructose intake, was shown in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. However, the mechanism underlying blood pressure (BP) elevation with increased fructose intake is still unclear. First, the present study showed that in rats fed 10% fructose for one week, BP and fructose/glucose levels increased in the central and peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, increased fructose intake resulted in an upregulation of fructose concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. Second, consumption of excess fructose increased serum triglycerides. However, the inhibition of triglyceride production did not mitigate sympathetic nerve hyperactivity, but contributed to an insignificant decrease in BP. Finally, increased fructose intake reduced nitric oxide (NO) levels in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and reduced baroreflex sensitivity within a week. Collectively, the data suggested that fructose intake reduced NO levels in the NTS and caused baroreflex dysfunction, which further stimulated sympathetic nerve activity and induced the development of high BP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health)

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12 pages, 1123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Daily Fructose Traces Intake and Liver Injury in Children with Hereditary Fructose Intolerance

by Fabiola Di Dato, Simona Spadarella, Maria Giovanna Puoti, Maria Grazia Caprio, Severo Pagliardini, Claudia Zuppaldi, Gianfranco Vallone, Simona Fecarotta, Gabriella Esposito, Raffaele Iorio, Giancarlo Parenti and Maria Immacolata Spagnuolo

Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102397 - 7 Oct 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4899

Abstract

Background: Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare genetic disorder of fructose metabolism due to aldolase B enzyme deficiency. Treatment consists of fructose, sorbitol, and sucrose (FSS)-free diet. We explore possible correlations between daily fructose traces intake and liver injury biomarkers on a long-term period, in a cohort of young patients affected by HFI. Methods: Patients’ clinical data and fructose daily intake were retrospectively collected. Correlations among fructose intake, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) percentage, liver ultrasonography, genotype were analyzed. Results: We included 48 patients whose mean follow-up was 10.3 ± 5.6 years and fructose intake 169 ± 145.4 mg/day. Eighteen patients had persistently high ALT level, nine had abnormal CDT profile, 45 had signs of liver steatosis. Fructose intake did not correlate with ALT level nor with steatosis severity, whereas it correlated with disialotransferrin percentage (R² 0.7, p < 0.0001) and tetrasialotransferrin/disialotransferrin ratio (R² 0.5, p = 0.0001). p.A150P homozygous patients had lower ALT values at diagnosis than p.A175D variant homozygotes cases (58 ± 55 IU/L vs. 143 ± 90 IU/L, p = 0.01). Conclusion: A group of HFI patients on FSS-free diet presented persistent mild hypertransaminasemia which did not correlate with fructose intake. Genotypes may influence serum liver enzyme levels. CDT profile represents a good marker to assess FSS intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health)

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Review

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35 pages, 22177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease

by Beatriz Merino, Cristina M. Fernández-Díaz, Irene Cózar-Castellano and German Perdomo

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010094 - 29 Dec 2019

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 21810

Abstract

The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes have been linked to increased sugar consumption in humans. Here, we review fructose and glucose metabolism, as well as potential molecular mechanisms by which excessive sugar consumption is associated to metabolic diseases and insulin resistance in humans. To this end, we focus on understanding molecular and cellular mechanisms of fructose and glucose transport and sensing in the intestine, the intracellular signaling effects of dietary sugar metabolism, and its impact on glucose homeostasis in health and disease. Finally, the peripheral and central effects of dietary sugars on the gut–brain axis will be reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fructose and Glucose Intake and Human Health)

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