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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Carbohydrates".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 29687

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Prof. Dr. Vicente Javier Clemente Suárez

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Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
Interests: psychophysiology; psychology; stress; nutrition; physical activity
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Current research shows how numerous current pathologies and psychopathologies have an important behavioral basis. In terms of patient behavior, the style of a diet is a basic parameter in the development of many of these diseases. The distribution of macronutrients, their origin and their cooking method become important parameters that modify the quality of the subject’s diet. When analyzing the components of the diet, the high consumption of carbohydrates, especially sugars and refined carbohydrates, can represent a crucial factor for the patient’s health. Consumption of these carbohydrates has been related to inflammatory bowel diseases, dysregulations of the nervous system, psychological illnesses such as depression, and metabolic disorders. Thus, this Special Issue aims to analyze the role of carbohydrates in the development of certain pathologies, focusing mainly on, but not exclusively, metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, mental illness and cancer. Research articles, case reports and reviews in these areas are welcome in this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Vicente Javier Clemente Suárez
Guest Editor

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Keywords

sugar
refined carbohydrates
cancer
depression
anxiety
inflammatory bowel diseases
obesity
diabetes
cardiovascular disease
microbiota

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating a Model of Added Sugar Intake Based on Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratios in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults

by Jessica J. Johnson, Virág Sági-Kiss, Susana A. Palma-Duran, John Commins, Matthew Chaloux, Brian Barrett, Douglas Midthune, Victor Kipnis, Laurence S. Freedman, Natasha Tasevska and Diane M. O’Brien

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204308 - 14 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1673

Abstract

Previous studies suggest that amino acid carbon stable isotope ratios (CIR_AAs) may serve as biomarkers of added sugar (AS) intake, but this has not been tested in a demographically diverse population. We conducted a 15-day feeding study of U.S. adults, recruited across sex, age, and BMI groups. Participants consumed personalized diets that resembled habitual intake, assessed using two consecutive 7-day food records. We measured serum (n = 99) CIR_AAs collected at the end of the feeding period and determined correlations with diet. We used forward selection to model AS intake using participant characteristics and 15 CIR_AAs. This model was internally validated using bootstrap optimism correction. Median (25th, 75th percentile) AS intake was 65.2 g/day (44.7, 81.4) and 9.5% (7.2%, 12.4%) of energy. The CIR of alanine had the highest, although modest, correlation with AS intake (r = 0.32, p = 0.001). Serum CIR_AAs were more highly correlated with animal food intakes, especially the ratio of animal to total protein. The AS model included sex, body weight and 6 CIR_AAs. This model had modest explanatory power (multiple R² = 0.38), and the optimism-corrected R² was lower (R² = 0.15). Further investigations in populations with wider ranges of AS intake are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrates and Pathology)

23 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Added Sugar, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Findings from the Women’s Health Initiative and a Network Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

by Bo Yang, Andrea J. Glenn, Qing Liu, Tracy Madsen, Matthew A. Allison, James M. Shikany, JoAnn E. Manson, Kei Hang Katie Chan, Wen-Chih Wu, Jie Li, Simin Liu and Kenneth Lo

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4226; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204226 - 11 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7228

Abstract

Much remains unknown about the role of added sugar in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the relative contributions of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) or artificially sweetened beverages (ASB) to CVD risk. Among the 109,034 women who participated in Women’s Health Initiative, we assessed average intakes of added sugar, SSB and ASB, and conducted Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals for CVD risk. The consistency of findings was compared to a network meta-analysis of all available cohorts. During an average of 17.4 years of follow-up, 11,597 cases of total CVD (nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease (CHD) death, stroke, coronary revascularization, and/or incident heart failure) were confirmed. Added sugar as % energy intake daily (%EAS) at ≥15.0% was positively associated with total CVD (HR = 1.08 [1.01, 1.15]) and CHD (HR = 1.20 [1.09, 1.32]). There was also a higher risk of total CVD associated with ≥1 serving of SSB intake per day (HR = 1.29 [1.17, 1.42]), CHD (1.35 [1.16, 1.57]), and total stroke (1.30 [1.10, 1.53]). Similarly, ASB intake was associated with an increased risk of CVD (1.14 [1.03, 1.26]) and stroke (1.24 [1.04, 1.48]). According to the network meta-analysis, there was a large amount of heterogeneity across studies, showing no consistent pattern implicating added sugar, ASB, or SSB in CVD outcomes. A diet containing %EAS ≥15.0% and consuming ≥1 serving of SSB or ASB may be associated with a higher CVD incidence. The relative contribution of added sugar, SSB, and ASB to CVD risk warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrates and Pathology)

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11 pages, 1259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intestinal Morphometric Changes Induced by a Western-Style Diet in Wistar Rats and GSPE Counter-Regulatory Effect

by Helena Segú, Florijan Jalševac, Montserrat Pinent, Anna Ardévol, Ximena Terra and Maria Teresa Blay

Nutrients 2022, 14(13), 2608; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132608 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

Western-style diet is an obesogenic diet for rodents and humans due to its content of saturated fat and refined sugars, mainly sucrose and, in consequence, sucrose-derived fructose. This type of diets relates with intestinal disturbances when consumed regularly. The aim of this work was to analyse the adaptive morphologic and functional changes at intestinal level derived from the unhealthy components of a Cafeteria diet in rats. The effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in the prevention of diet-induced intestinal dysfunction was also analysed. Rats were fed a 17-week cafeteria diet (CAF) without or with oral-GSPE supplementation, either intermittent GSPE administration (SIT-CAF); last 10-day GSPE supplementation at doses of 100 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg day (CORR-100) and (CORR-500) or pre-supplementation with 500 mg/kg GSPE (PRE-CAF). GSPE-CAF supplemented groups showed similar results to CAF diet group regarding morphology and inflammatory score in the duodenum. As an adaptive response to diet, CAF increased intestinal absorptive surface (1.24-fold) all along the intestinal tract and specifically in the small intestine, duodenum, due to increase villus height and a higher villus/crypt ratio, in addition to increase in Goblet cell percentage and inflammatory index. Animals fed GSPE at the current doses and times had higher villus heights and absorptive surface similar to Cafeteria diet group. In the duodenum, villus height correlated with body weight at 17 week and negatively with MLCK gene expression. In the colon, villus height correlated with the percentage of goblet cells. In conclusion, the CAF diet produced adaptive modifications of the intestine by increasing the absorptive area of the small intestine, the percentage of goblet cells and the inflammatory index at the duodenal level. GSPE supplementation can partially reverse the intestinal morphological changes induced by the high fat/sucrose diet when administered intermittently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrates and Pathology)

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Review

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28 pages, 1163 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease

by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo, Laura Redondo-Flórez and Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3809; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183809 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 18262

Abstract

Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet, since they provide the body with glucose to support bodily functions and physical activity. However, the abusive consumption of refined, simple, and low-quality carbohydrates has a direct implication on the physical and mental pathophysiology. Then, carbohydrate consumption is postulated as a crucial factor in the development of the main Western diseases of the 21st century. We conducted this narrative critical review using MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl databases with the MeSH-compliant keywords: carbohydrates and evolution, development, phylogenetic, GUT, microbiota, stress, metabolic health, consumption behaviors, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, mental disease, anxiety, depression, cancer, chronic kidney failure, allergies, and asthma in order to analyze the impact of carbohydrates on health. Evidence suggests that carbohydrates, especially fiber, are beneficial for the well-being and growth of gut microorganisms and consequently for the host in this symbiotic relationship, producing microbial alterations a negative effect on mental health and different organic systems. In addition, evidence suggests a negative impact of simple carbohydrates and refined carbohydrates on mood categories, including alertness and tiredness, reinforcing a vicious circle. Regarding physical health, sugar intake can affect the development and prognosis of metabolic disease, as an uncontrolled intake of refined carbohydrates puts individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequently developing metabolic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrates and Pathology)

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