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Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials
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Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanophotonics Materials and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2023) | Viewed by 24080

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Zhixing Gan

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Center for Future Optoelectronic Functional Materials, School of Computer and Electronic Information/School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
Interests: photophysics, photoluminescence, and photothermal effect of emerging nanomaterials, such as carbon nanomaterials, graphene, 2D materials, and hailde perovskites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Photoactive nanomaterials exhibit a myriad of customized properties, such as photon converting ability, specific surface area, physicochemical stability, chemical reactivity, and others, making them appealing for a wide range of practical applications. Photoactive nanomaterials can convert photon to photon (photoluminescence), heat (photothermal effect), and separated charged carriers (photovoltaic effect), which is very important for the manipulation and utilization of light.

This Special Issue aims to focus on recent progress and advances in emerging photoluminescent, photothermal, photovoltaic, and photocatalytic nanomaterials and their applications in optoelectronics and energy conversion. Optical design for enhancing light emission, photothermal effects, and photocatalytic materials will be covered. Further, the investigation of carrier dynamics of photoactive nanomaterials by ultrafast spectroscopy will be an important subject for this Special Issue.

The subtopics include (but are not limited to):

  • Photothermal nanomaterials for applications in solar steam generation/solar–thermal–electric conversion;
  • Photoactive nanomaterials for applications in photodetectors/solar cells/photocatalysts;
  • Fluorescent nanomaterials for applications in bioimaging, optical sensing, LEDs, etc.;
  • Anti-reflections, plasmonics, and photonic crystals for enhancing light harvest/emission;
  • Carrier dynamics of the photoactive nanomaterials.

Dr. Zhixing Gan
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photoactive nanomaterials
  • photothermal effect
  • photoluminescence
  • carrier dynamics
  • photodetectors

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Recent Developments in Photoluminescent, Photothermal and Photocatalytic Nanomaterials
by Zhixing Gan
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(12), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13121888 - 19 Jun 2023
Viewed by 919
Abstract
Photoactive nanomaterials exhibit myriad customized properties, including a photon converting ability, specific surface area, physicochemical stability, and chemical reactivity, making them appealing for a wide range of practical applications [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 8885 KiB  
Article
Hardness, Modulus, and Refractive Index of Plasma-Assisted Atomic-Layer-Deposited Hafnium Oxide Thin Films Doped with Aluminum Oxide
by Mikk Kull, Helle-Mai Piirsoo, Aivar Tarre, Hugo Mändar, Aile Tamm and Taivo Jõgiaas
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(10), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13101607 - 10 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
Coatings with tunable refractive index and high mechanical resilience are useful in optical systems. In this work, thin films of HfO2 doped with Al2O3 were deposited on silicon at 300 °C by using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD). The [...] Read more.
Coatings with tunable refractive index and high mechanical resilience are useful in optical systems. In this work, thin films of HfO2 doped with Al2O3 were deposited on silicon at 300 °C by using plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD). The mainly amorphous 60–80 nm thick films consisted Al in the range of 2 to 26 at.%. The refractive indexes varied from 1.69 to 2.08 at the wavelength of 632 nm, and they consistently depended on the composition. The differences were higher in the UV spectral region. At the same time, the hardness of the films was from 12–15 GPa; the modulus was in the range of 160–180 GPa; and the mechanical properties did not have a good correlation with the deposited compositions. The deposition conditions, element contents, and refractive indexes at respective wavelengths were correlated. The results indicated that it is possible to tune optical properties and retain mechanical properties of atomic layer-deposited thin films of HfO2 with Al2O3 as doping oxide. Such films could be used as mechanically resilient and optically tunable coatings in, for instance, micro- or nano-electromechanical systems or transparent displays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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22 pages, 7247 KiB  
Article
UV-Excited Luminescence in Porous Organosilica Films with Various Organic Components
by Md Rasadujjaman, Jinming Zhang, Dmitry A. Spassky, Sergej Naumov, Alexey S. Vishnevskiy, Konstantin A. Vorotilov, Jiang Yan, Jing Zhang and Mikhail R. Baklanov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081419 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
UV-induced photoluminescence of organosilica films with ethylene and benzene bridging groups in their matrix and terminal methyl groups on the pore wall surface was studied to reveal optically active defects and understand their origin and nature. The careful selection of the film’s precursors [...] Read more.
UV-induced photoluminescence of organosilica films with ethylene and benzene bridging groups in their matrix and terminal methyl groups on the pore wall surface was studied to reveal optically active defects and understand their origin and nature. The careful selection of the film’s precursors and conditions of deposition and curing and analysis of chemical and structural properties led to the conclusion that luminescence sources are not associated with the presence of oxygen-deficient centers, as in the case of pure SiO2. It is shown that the sources of luminescence are the carbon-containing components that are part of the low-k-matrix, as well as the carbon residues formed upon removal of the template and UV-induced destruction of organosilica samples. A good correlation between the energy of the photoluminescence peaks and the chemical composition is observed. This correlation is confirmed by the results obtained by the Density Functional theory. The photoluminescence intensity increases with porosity and internal surface area. The spectra become more complicated after annealing at 400 °C, although Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy does not show these changes. The appearance of additional bands is associated with the compaction of the low-k matrix and the segregation of template residues on the surface of the pore wall. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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17 pages, 118618 KiB  
Article
Bidimensional SnSe2—Mesoporous Ordered Titania Heterostructures for Photocatalytically Activated Anti-Fingerprint Optically Transparent Layers
by Jessica De Santis, Valentina Paolucci, Luigi Stagi, Davide Carboni, Luca Malfatti, Carlo Cantalini and Plinio Innocenzi
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(8), 1406; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13081406 - 19 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1659
Abstract
The design of functional coatings for touchscreens and haptic interfaces is of paramount importance for smartphones, tablets, and computers. Among the functional properties, the ability to suppress or eliminate fingerprints from specific surfaces is one of the most critical. We produced photoactivated anti-fingerprint [...] Read more.
The design of functional coatings for touchscreens and haptic interfaces is of paramount importance for smartphones, tablets, and computers. Among the functional properties, the ability to suppress or eliminate fingerprints from specific surfaces is one of the most critical. We produced photoactivated anti-fingerprint coatings by embedding 2D-SnSe2 nanoflakes in ordered mesoporous titania thin films. The SnSe2 nanostructures were produced by solvent-assisted sonication employing 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The combination of SnSe2 and nanocrystalline anatase titania enables the formation of photoactivated heterostructures with an enhanced ability to remove fingerprints from their surface. These results were achieved through careful design of the heterostructure and controlled processing of the films by liquid phase deposition. The self-assembly process is unaffected by the addition of SnSe2, and the titania mesoporous films keep their three-dimensional pore organization. The coating layers show high optical transparency and a homogeneous distribution of SnSe2 within the matrix. An evaluation of photocatalytic activity was performed by observing the degradation of stearic acid and Rhodamine B layers deposited on the photoactive films as a function of radiation exposure time. FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopies were used for the photodegradation tests. Additionally, infrared imaging was employed to assess the anti-fingerprinting property. The photodegradation process, following pseudo-first-order kinetics, shows a tremendous improvement over bare mesoporous titania films. Furthermore, exposure of the films to sunlight and UV light completely removes the fingerprints, opening the route to several self-cleaning applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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9 pages, 2802 KiB  
Communication
Enhanced Photoluminescence of Crystalline Alq3 Micro-Rods Hybridized with Silver Nanowires
by Misuk Kim, Jiyoun Kim, Seongcheol Ju, Hyeonwoo Kim, Incheol Jung, Jong Hoon Jung, Gil Sun Lee, Young Ki Hong, Dong Hyuk Park and Kyu-Tae Lee
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13050825 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1611
Abstract
An enhancement of the local electric field at the metal/dielectric interface of hybrid materials due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon plays a particularly important role in versatile research fields resulting in a distinct modification of the electrical, as well as [...] Read more.
An enhancement of the local electric field at the metal/dielectric interface of hybrid materials due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon plays a particularly important role in versatile research fields resulting in a distinct modification of the electrical, as well as optical, properties of the hybrid material. In this paper, we succeeded in visually confirming the LSPR phenomenon in the crystalline tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) micro-rod (MR) hybridized with silver (Ag) nanowire (NW) in the form of photoluminescence (PL) characteristics. Crystalline Alq3 MRs were prepared by a self-assembly method under the mixed solution of protic and aprotic polar solvents, which could be easily applied to fabricate hybrid Alq3/Ag structures. The hybridization between the crystalline Alq3 MRs and Ag NWs was confirmed by the component analysis of the selected area electronic diffraction attached to high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Nanoscale and solid state PL experiments on the hybrid Alq3/Ag structures using a lab-made laser confocal microscope exhibited a distinct enhancement of the PL intensity (approximately 26-fold), which also supported the LSPR effects between crystalline Alq3 MRs and Ag NWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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9 pages, 2311 KiB  
Communication
Enhancing Photoluminescence of CsPb(ClxBr1−x)3 Perovskite Nanocrystals by Fe2+ Doping
by Chang Wu, Yan Li, Zhengyao Xia, Cheng Ji, Yuqian Tang, Jinlei Zhang, Chunlan Ma and Ju Gao
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030533 - 28 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1504
Abstract
The doping of impurity ions into perovskite lattices has been scrupulously developed as a promising method to stabilize the crystallographic structure and modulate the optoelectronic properties. However, the photoluminescence (PL) of Fe2+-doped mixed halide perovskite NCs is still relatively unexplored. In [...] Read more.
The doping of impurity ions into perovskite lattices has been scrupulously developed as a promising method to stabilize the crystallographic structure and modulate the optoelectronic properties. However, the photoluminescence (PL) of Fe2+-doped mixed halide perovskite NCs is still relatively unexplored. In this work, the Fe2+-doped CsPb(ClxBr1−x)3 nanocrystals (NCs) are prepared by a hot injection method. In addition, their optical absorption, photoluminescence (PL), PL lifetimes, and photostabilities are compared with those of undoped CsPb(Br1−xClx)3 NCs. We find the Fe2+ doping results in the redshift of the absorption edge and PL. Moreover, the full width at half maximums (FWHMs) are decreased, PL quantum yields (QYs) are improved, and PL lifetimes are extended, suggesting the defect density is reduced by the Fe2+ doping. Moreover, the photostability is significantly improved after the Fe2+ doping. Therefore, this work reveals that Fe2+ doping is a very promising approach to modulate the optical properties of mixed halide perovskite NCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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16 pages, 1645 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound-Promoted Abatement of Formaldehyde in Liquid Phase with Electrospun Nanostructured Membranes: The Synergy of Combined AOPs
by Carlo Boaretti, Martina Roso, Michele Modesti and Alessandra Lorenzetti
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13030435 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1624
Abstract
The present work investigates the effect of ultrasounds in the performance of combined advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the degradation of formaldehyde (HCHO)-polluted aqueous solutions for potential application in wastewater treatment. Different heterogeneous nanostructured catalysts based on TiO2 and FeSO4 for [...] Read more.
The present work investigates the effect of ultrasounds in the performance of combined advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the degradation of formaldehyde (HCHO)-polluted aqueous solutions for potential application in wastewater treatment. Different heterogeneous nanostructured catalysts based on TiO2 and FeSO4 for photocatalysis and the Fenton process were employed after electrospray deposition on electrospun nanofibrous membranes. Such systems were tested, without the use of any added hydrogen peroxide, by varying the combinations among the selected AOPs in a batch reactor configuration. The results show that, in the absence of a Fenton reaction, ultrasounds provided a significantly increased formaldehyde photocatalytic abatement, probably by increasing the concentration of active species through a different set of reactions while providing a favorable mass transfer regime by the cavitational effect. Due to the faster kinetics of the photo–Fenton process, thanks to its partial homogeneous nature, such a beneficial effect is more limited for the sono–photo–Fenton configuration. On the other hand, the employment of a sono–photocatalytic–Fenton process revealed a synergic effect that provided the best results, reducing the formaldehyde concentration to less than 99% after 240 min. Further analysis showed that, due to a mutual influence, only a tailored TiO2/FeSO4 ratio on the membranes was able to display the best performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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13 pages, 3730 KiB  
Article
Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over Mo-Doped ZnIn2S4 with Sulfur Vacancies
by Wei Guan, Lin Zhang, Peng Wang, Ying Wang, Haoyu Wang, Xingchen Dong, Ming Meng, Lina Sui, Zhixing Gan, Lifeng Dong and Liyan Yu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 3980; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12223980 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2288
Abstract
The introduction of impure atoms or crystal defects is a promising strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors. However, the synergy of these two effects in 2D atomic layers remains unexplored. In this case, the preparation of molybdenum-doped thin ZnIn2S [...] Read more.
The introduction of impure atoms or crystal defects is a promising strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors. However, the synergy of these two effects in 2D atomic layers remains unexplored. In this case, the preparation of molybdenum-doped thin ZnIn2S4-containing S vacancies (Mo-doped Sv-ZnIn2S4) is conducted using a one-pot solvothermal method. The coordination of Mo doping and S vacancies not only enhances visible light absorption and facilitates the separation of photogenerated carriers but also provides many active sites for photocatalytic reactions. Meanwhile, the Mo-S bonds play function as high-speed channels to rapidly transfer carriers to the active sites, which can directly promote hydrogen evolution. Consequently, Sv-ZnIn2S4 with an optimized amount of Mo doping exhibits a high hydrogen evolution rate of 5739 μmol g−1 h−1 with a corresponding apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 21.24% at 420 nm, which is approximately 5.4 times higher than the original ZnIn2S4. This work provides a new strategy for the development of highly efficient and sustainable 2D atomic photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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18 pages, 8786 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Photoluminescence Intensity and Spectral Bandwidth of Hybrid Nanofiber/Thin-Film Multilayer Tm3+-Doped SiO2–HfO2
by Nurul Izzati Zafirah Zulfikri, Abdel-Baset M. A. Ibrahim, Nur Amalina Mustaffa, Rozan Mohamad Yunus and Suraya Ahmad Kamil
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213739 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1472
Abstract
Multilayering of optical thin films is widely used for a range of purposes in photonic technology, but the development of nanofiber structures that can outperform thin films and nanoparticles in optical applications cannot simply be disregarded. Hybrid structures composed of Tm3+-doped [...] Read more.
Multilayering of optical thin films is widely used for a range of purposes in photonic technology, but the development of nanofiber structures that can outperform thin films and nanoparticles in optical applications cannot simply be disregarded. Hybrid structures composed of Tm3+-doped SiO2–HfO2 in the form of nanofibers (NFs) and thin films (TFs) are deposited on a single substrate using the electrospinning and dip-coating methods, respectively. Ultrafine nanofiber strands with a diameter of 10–60 nm were fabricated in both single and multilayer samples. Enhanced photoluminescence emission intensity of about 10 times was attained at wavelengths of around 457, 512 and 634 nm under an excitation of 350 nm for NF-TF-NF* hybrid structures when compared with single-layered NF and TF structures. The arrangement of nanofibers and thin films in a multilayer structure influenced the luminescence intensity and spectral bandwidth. High transparency in the range of 75–95% transparency across the wavelength of 200–2000 nm was achieved, making it ideal for photonic application. Theoretical findings obtained through IMD software were compared with experimental results, and they were found to be in good agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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12 pages, 2467 KiB  
Article
Black 3D-TiO2 Nanotube Arrays on Ti Meshes for Boosted Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
by Ming Meng, Yamin Feng, Chunyang Li, Zhixing Gan, Honglei Yuan and Honghui Zhang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091447 - 24 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1882
Abstract
Black 3D-TiO2 nanotube arrays are successfully fabricated on the Ti meshes through a facile electrochemical reduction method. The optimized black 3D-TiO2 nanotubes arrays yield a maximal photocurrent density of 1.6 mA/cm2 at 0.22 V vs. Ag/AgCl with Faradic efficiency of [...] Read more.
Black 3D-TiO2 nanotube arrays are successfully fabricated on the Ti meshes through a facile electrochemical reduction method. The optimized black 3D-TiO2 nanotubes arrays yield a maximal photocurrent density of 1.6 mA/cm2 at 0.22 V vs. Ag/AgCl with Faradic efficiency of 100%, which is about four times larger than that of the pristine 3D-TiO2 NTAs (0.4 mA/cm2). Such boosted PEC water splitting activity primarily originates from the introduction of the oxygen vacancies, which results in the bandgap shrinkage of the 3D-TiO2 NTAs, boosting the utilization efficiency of visible light including the incident, reflected and/or refracted visible light captured by the 3D configuration. Moreover, the oxygen vacancies (Ti3+) can work as electron donors, which leads to the enhanced electronic conductivity and upward shift of the Fermi energy level, and thereby facilitating the transfer and separation of the photogenerated charge carrier at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface. This work offers a new opportunity to promote the PEC water splitting activity of TiO2-based photoelectrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

16 pages, 3458 KiB  
Review
Thermochromic Smart Windows Assisted by Photothermal Nanomaterials
by Yong Zhao, Haining Ji, Mingying Lu, Jundong Tao, Yangyong Ou, Yi Wang, Yongxing Chen, Yan Huang, Junlong Wang and Yuliang Mao
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213865 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2899
Abstract
Thermochromic smart windows are optical devices that can regulate their optical properties actively in response to external temperature changes. Due to their simple structures and as they do not require other additional energy supply devices, they have great potential in building energy-saving. However, [...] Read more.
Thermochromic smart windows are optical devices that can regulate their optical properties actively in response to external temperature changes. Due to their simple structures and as they do not require other additional energy supply devices, they have great potential in building energy-saving. However, conventional thermochromic smart windows generally have problems with high response temperatures and low response rates. Owing to their great effect in photothermal conversion, photothermal materials are often used in smart windows to assist phase transition so that they can quickly achieve the dual regulation of light and heat at room temperature. Based on this, research progress on the phase transition of photothermal material-assisted thermochromic smart windows is summarized. In this paper, the phase transition mechanisms of several thermochromic materials (VO2, liquid crystals, and hydrogels) commonly used in the field of smart windows are introduced. Additionally, the applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, noble metal nanoparticles, and semiconductor (metal oxygen/sulfide) nanomaterials in thermochromic smart windows are summarized. The current challenges and solutions are further indicated and future research directions are also proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 39566 KiB  
Review
Research Progress of Photo-/Electro-Driven Thermochromic Smart Windows
by Xiaotong Zou, Haining Ji, Yong Zhao, Mingying Lu, Jundong Tao, Pinghua Tang, Bin Liu, Xitao Yu and Yuliang Mao
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3335; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123335 - 8 Dec 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4306
Abstract
Thermochromic smart windows can automatically control solar radiation according to the ambient temperature. Compared with photochromic and electrochromic smart windows, they have a stronger applicability and lower energy consumption, and have a wide range of application prospects in the field of building energy [...] Read more.
Thermochromic smart windows can automatically control solar radiation according to the ambient temperature. Compared with photochromic and electrochromic smart windows, they have a stronger applicability and lower energy consumption, and have a wide range of application prospects in the field of building energy efficiency. At present, aiming at the challenge of the high transition temperature of thermochromic smart windows, a large amount of innovative research has been carried out via the principle that thermochromic materials can be driven to change their optical performance by photothermal or electrothermal effects at room temperature. Based on this, the research progress of photo- and electro-driven thermochromic smart windows is summarized from VO2-based composites, hydrogels and liquid crystals, and it is pointed out that there are two main development trends of photo-/electro-driven thermochromic smart windows. One is exploring the diversified combination methods of photothermal materials and thermochromic materials, and the other is developing low-cost large-area heating electrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Photoactive Nanomaterials)
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