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Nanomaterials
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New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon
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New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 13753

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Elena Sheka

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Physical Research and Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
Interests: excitonics of molecular crystals; phonon spectra of molecular crystals (inelastic neutron scattering, calculation); exciton-phonon interaction and vibronic spectra of molecular crystals; phase transitions in molecular solids with liquid-crystal behavior (vibrational spectroscopy and neutron diffraction); vibrational spectroscopy of nanoparticles; quantum-chemical simulations; quantum fullerenics; simulations of carbon nanotubes; theoretical chemical physics of graphene; virtual vibrational spectroscopy of large molecules; digital twins concept in molecular science
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Maria Letizia Terranova

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Roma, Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
Interests: design, synthesis and treatments of conductive and photoluminescent diamonds and diamond-like materials; detonation nanodiamonds; nanographites; few-layers graphenes; carbon nanotubes/nanofibers; nanocages; globular carbons; polymer-based nanocomposites; hybrid Csp2-Csp3 nanostructures; CVD techniques; thermal decomposition; laser ablation; solid-phase reactions; plasma and laser etching; structural/compositional characterizations; functional testing of carbon-based nanomaterials for micro/nano-electronics; optoelectronics; energetics; sensing; thermal management; bio-medical applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Graphene, as an exclusive object of modern materials science, has drastically changed the understanding of the physics and chemistry of solid carbon. This typhoon revealed a special type of 2D crystalline substance to the world and lead to a revolutionary change in views on its amorphous counterpart. The matter is about material known to humankind since the first decomposed bonfire, which left behind black soot and charcoal. Today, this applies to billions (anthracite coal), millions (shungite carbon), and thousands (anthraxolite and black carbon coatings, which are presented everywhere and accompany almost all minerals in nature) of tons of only discovered natural deposits and hundreds of millions of tons of synthetic black carbon produced industrially. This black-carbon richness has a unique common basis and has presented nanoscale molecular compositions of hexagonal honeycomb structures of carbon atoms framed by various necklaces formed by oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogen, and other atoms.  The framed graphene molecules vary in size and shape, as well as differ in the chemical components of the necklaces depending on the history or method of origin and/or production.

The present Special Issue on “New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon” will highlight the forefront of research of amorphous carbon from fundamentals to applications, spanning physics, chemistry, biology, and geology of both per sci products and commercial developments of per tech ones. The issue will include synthesis and structural studies; chemistry and electrochemistry; electrical and optical properties; a variety of spectroscopy; thermal, magnetic, and mechanical properties; theory and computational simulations; assembling of devices (constructed from of the black); energy storage; biomedical and other applications; and cosmic carbons.

Prof. Dr. Elena Sheka
Prof. Dr. Maria Letizia Terranova
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • history and methods of production
  • sp2 and sp3 modes of amorphous state
  • atomic content and structure
  • digital twins and simulation
  • electrical and thermal conductivity
  • XPS and electron spectra
  • vibrational spectra
  • material science and technology
  • medicine
  • applications

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

11 pages, 4844 KiB  
Article
Structure and Raman Spectra of Exotic Carbon Microcrystals from Meteoritic Dust of Chelyabinsk Superbolide
by Galina Savosteenko, Sergey Taskaev and Pavel Avramov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010073 - 23 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1793
Abstract
The Chelyabinsk superbolide, the largest in XXI century, which exploded on 15 February 2013 over snowy fields of Southern Urals was a historic event not just only because of its massive scale and explosive power. High-temperature, high-pressure conditions in the front shock wave [...] Read more.
The Chelyabinsk superbolide, the largest in XXI century, which exploded on 15 February 2013 over snowy fields of Southern Urals was a historic event not just only because of its massive scale and explosive power. High-temperature, high-pressure conditions in the front shock wave caused intense ablation of the asteroid material and formation of huge amount of meteoritic dust dispersed in the atmosphere during the flyby. Massive snowfalls just few days before and after the event conserved precipitated meteoritic dust in thin layer of snow which was collected and studied later. The most intriguing and challenging material discovered in the dust was closed-shell 10–70 µm exotic polygonal graphitic carbon microcrystals of undisclosed nature. Using optical and electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy the atomic structure of closed-shell microcrystals was thoroughly studied and their graphitic nature was revealed. It was found that some of the particles formed by multilayer graphitic polygonal shells have extensive hollows inside. Comparative microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of meteorite exotic carbon microcrystals with different graphite species, carbon onions, and diamond revealed two distinctively different closed-shell carbon particles. The first type of the particles can be attributed to carbon onions with characteristic graphite nanocrystalline basic structural units (BSU) of 49 nm lateral size and less and, probably, BSU heteroatomic termination necklace with oxygen content comparable to 1.1% and more. It was shown that the second type of unique graphitic carbon particles of a convex shape and perfect hexagonal symmetry with lateral dimensions of 14 µm correspond to multiply twinned closed-shell graphite microcrystals with polyhexacyclooctadecane (–C18–)n core wrapped by multiple layers of carbon honeycombs with low (<1%) content of oxygen termination necklace. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon)
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22 pages, 5544 KiB  
Article
Carbon Surface-Influenced Heterogeneity of Ni and Co Catalytic Sites as a Factor Affecting the Efficiency of Oxygen Reduction Reaction
by Marc Florent and Teresa J. Bandosz
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4432; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12244432 - 13 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1407
Abstract
Highly porous carbon black and micro/mesoporous activated carbon were impregnated with cobalt and nickel nitrates, followed by heat treatment at 850 °C in nitrogen. Detailed information about chemistry and porosity was obtained using XPS, XRD, TEM/EDX, and nitrogen adsorption. The samples were used [...] Read more.
Highly porous carbon black and micro/mesoporous activated carbon were impregnated with cobalt and nickel nitrates, followed by heat treatment at 850 °C in nitrogen. Detailed information about chemistry and porosity was obtained using XPS, XRD, TEM/EDX, and nitrogen adsorption. The samples were used as ORR catalysts. Marked differences in the performance were found depending on the type of carbon. Differences in surface chemistry and porosity affected the chemistry of the deposited metal species that governed the O2 reduction efficiency along with other features of the carbon supports, including electrical conductivity and porosity. While dissociating surface acidic groups promoted the high dispersion of small metal species, carbon reactivity with oxygen and acidity limited the formation of the most catalytically active Co3O4. Formation of Co3O4 on the highly conductive carbon black resulted in an excellent performance with four electrons transferred and a current density higher than that on Pt/C. When Co3O4 was not formed in a sufficient quantity, nickel metal nanoparticles promoted ORR on the Ni/Co-containing samples. The activity was also significantly enhanced by small pores that increased the ORR efficiency by strongly adsorbing oxygen, which led to its bond splitting, followed by the acceptance of four electrons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon)
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Review

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36 pages, 9513 KiB  
Review
A Neoteric View of sp2 Amorphous Carbon
by Elena F. Sheka
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(10), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13101648 - 15 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1658
Abstract
Presented is a concentrated synopsis of facilities of empirical and virtual analytics that, once applied, have provided a fully new vision of sp2 amorphous carbons. This study proved that the solids are multilevel structures, started with the first-level basic structural units (BSUs) [...] Read more.
Presented is a concentrated synopsis of facilities of empirical and virtual analytics that, once applied, have provided a fully new vision of sp2 amorphous carbons. This study proved that the solids are multilevel structures, started with the first-level basic structural units (BSUs) and accomplished as macroscopic agglomerates of globular structures, consisting, in its turn, of stacked BSUs. BSUs present necklaced graphene molecules, size, and shape of which are governed by the relevant graphene domains while chemical composition in addition to basic carbon is controlled with heteroatoms of the necklaces. This study shows that BSUs and stacks of BSUs determine the short-range order of the solids and are the main subject of the applied analytics. The synopsis consists of two parts related to empirical and virtual analytics. The former is composed of sections related to structural determination, total and atomic chemical content evaluation and elicitation of the covalent bond composition. The second presents new analytic approaches based on the Digital Twins concept and virtual vibrational spectrometry. The synopsis is configured as an atlas composed of generalized pictures accompanied with necessary explanations to be discussed in detail in the extended references. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon)
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20 pages, 20686 KiB  
Review
From Protosolar Space to Space Exploration: The Role of Graphene in Space Technology and Economy
by Tanya Scalia, Lucia Bonventre and Maria Letizia Terranova
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(4), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13040680 - 9 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3484
Abstract
This paper aims to analyse the state-of-the-art of graphene-based materials and devices designed for use in space. The goal is to summarise emerging research studies, contextualise promising findings, and discuss underway strategies to address some specific space-related problems. To complete our overview of [...] Read more.
This paper aims to analyse the state-of-the-art of graphene-based materials and devices designed for use in space. The goal is to summarise emerging research studies, contextualise promising findings, and discuss underway strategies to address some specific space-related problems. To complete our overview of graphene-based technology and address the relevance of graphene in the wide scenario of the space economy, we also provide an analysis of worldwide patents and the scientific literature for aerospace applications in the period 2010–2021. We analysed global trends, country distributions, top assignees, and funding sponsors, evidencing a general increase for the period considered. These indicators, integrated with market information, provide a clear evaluation of the related technology trends and readiness levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon)
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25 pages, 7271 KiB  
Review
Electrophysical Properties and Structure of Natural Disordered sp2 Carbon
by Yevgeny A. Golubev and Igor V. Antonets
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12213797 - 27 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
The progress in the practical use of glassy carbon materials has led to a considerable interest in understanding the nature of their physical properties. The electrophysical properties are among the most demanded properties. However, obtaining such materials is associated with expensive and dirty [...] Read more.
The progress in the practical use of glassy carbon materials has led to a considerable interest in understanding the nature of their physical properties. The electrophysical properties are among the most demanded properties. However, obtaining such materials is associated with expensive and dirty processes. In nature, in the course of geological processes, disordered sp2 carbon substances were formed, the structure of which is in many respects similar to the structure of glassy carbon and black carbon, and the electrical properties are distinguished by a high-energy storage potential and a high efficiency of shielding electromagnetic radiation. Given the huge natural reserves of such carbon (for example, in the shungite rocks of Karelia) and the relative cheapness and ease of producing materials from it, the study of potential technological applications and the disclosure of some unique electrophysical properties are of considerable interest. In this paper, we present an overview of recent studies on the structure, electrophysical properties, and technological applications of natural disordered sp2 carbon with the addition of novel authors’ results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon)
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30 pages, 11719 KiB  
Review
Graphene-Induced Performance Enhancement of Batteries, Touch Screens, Transparent Memory, and Integrated Circuits: A Critical Review on a Decade of Developments
by Joydip Sengupta and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(18), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12183146 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3037
Abstract
Graphene achieved a peerless level among nanomaterials in terms of its application in electronic devices, owing to its fascinating and novel properties. Its large surface area and high electrical conductivity combine to create high-power batteries. In addition, because of its high optical transmittance, [...] Read more.
Graphene achieved a peerless level among nanomaterials in terms of its application in electronic devices, owing to its fascinating and novel properties. Its large surface area and high electrical conductivity combine to create high-power batteries. In addition, because of its high optical transmittance, low sheet resistance, and the possibility of transferring it onto plastic substrates, graphene is also employed as a replacement for indium tin oxide (ITO) in making electrodes for touch screens. Moreover, it was observed that graphene enhances the performance of transparent flexible electronic modules due to its higher mobility, minimal light absorbance, and superior mechanical properties. Graphene is even considered a potential substitute for the post-Si electronics era, where a high-performance graphene-based field-effect transistor (GFET) can be fabricated to detect the lethal SARS-CoV-2. Hence, graphene incorporation in electronic devices can facilitate immense device structure/performance advancements. In the light of the aforementioned facts, this review critically debates graphene as a prime candidate for the fabrication and performance enhancement of electronic devices, and its future applicability in various potential applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Graphene Story of Old Amorphous Carbon)
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