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16 pages, 2729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Pounding Effect on the Seismic Performance of a Multistorey Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure

by Kosmas E. Bantilas, Maria C. Naoum, Ioannis E. Kavvadias, Chris G. Karayannis and Anaxagoras Elenas

Infrastructures 2023, 8(8), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080122 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3588

Abstract

During intense ground motion excitations, the pounding between adjacent buildings may result in extensive structural damage. Despite the provision of regulations regarding the minimum separation gap required to prevent structural collisions, the majority of existing structures are poorly separated. The modern seismic design [...] Read more.

During intense ground motion excitations, the pounding between adjacent buildings may result in extensive structural damage. Despite the provision of regulations regarding the minimum separation gap required to prevent structural collisions, the majority of existing structures are poorly separated. The modern seismic design and assessment of structures are based on the definition of acceptable response levels in relation to the intensity of seismic action, which is usually determined by an acceptable probability of exceedance. From this point of view, the seismic performance of a typical eight-storey reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure is evaluated in terms of pounding. In particular, the performance is evaluated using six different separation gap distances as a fraction of the EC8 minimum distance. As the height of the adjacent structure affected the required separation distance, the examined RC structure was assumed to interact with four idealized rigid structures of one to four storeys. The typical storey height was equal between the examined structures; therefore, collision could occur at the diaphragm level. To this end, incidental dynamic analyses (IDAs) were performed, and the fragility curves for different limit states were obtained for each case. Finally, the seismic fragility was combined with the hazard data to evaluate the seismic performance probabilistically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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25 pages, 13854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operational Modal Analysis of Historical Buildings and Finite Element Model Updating Using α Laser Scanning Vibrometer

by Costas P. Providakis, Maria G. Mousteraki and Georgia C. Providaki

Infrastructures 2023, 8(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020037 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3156

Abstract

Without affecting the integrity or stability of the heritage monuments, vibration-based techniques provide useful solutions for acquiring global information about them. By studying the dynamic response to suitable excitation sources, it is feasible to define the mechanical characteristics of structures and identify and [...] Read more.

Without affecting the integrity or stability of the heritage monuments, vibration-based techniques provide useful solutions for acquiring global information about them. By studying the dynamic response to suitable excitation sources, it is feasible to define the mechanical characteristics of structures and identify and locate defects in their global behaviour. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV), which enables non-contact measurements of the vibration velocity of moving surfaces using a focused laser beam, is a highly desirable technique for qualitative dynamic characterisation and damage assessment. LDV is a simple and non-intrusive approach. It permits remote measurements and has a high degree of sensitivity and frequency adaptation. In addition, the system is entirely computer controlled, providing simple data storage, processing, and analysis. LDV has been originally researched and developed for structural and modal shape analysis of physical prototypes, in-service devices (e.g., machinery components), medical imaging applications, and damage detection and analysis relevant to small-scale non-destructive testing (NDT), and evaluation of micro to meso-targets (e.g., fracture detection and mapping in composites, modal shape and vibration analysis of objects, etc.). In spite of several successful applications in the case of bridges and thin structures, ambient vibration testing in an integrated form that includes dynamic identification, sensitivity analysis, and numerical modelling update employing modern sensor non-contact technologies is still uncommon. In this paper, the authors intend to explore further the possibility of combining ambient vibrations and OMA in combination with the non-contact LDV sensing technique in order to remotely acquire mechanical waves travelling in historical structures, track the actual behaviour of such structures, and calibrate their finite element numerical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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33 pages, 26940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wind and Seismic Response Control of Dynamically Similar Adjacent Buildings Connected Using Magneto-Rheological Dampers

by Akshay Satishkumar Baheti and Vasant Annasaheb Matsagar

Infrastructures 2022, 7(12), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7120167 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

Wind and/or earthquake-imposed loadings on two dynamically similar adjacent buildings cause vigorous shaking that can be mitigated using energy dissipating devices. Here, the vibration response control in such adjacent structures interconnected with semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) dampers is studied, which could also be used [...] Read more.

Wind and/or earthquake-imposed loadings on two dynamically similar adjacent buildings cause vigorous shaking that can be mitigated using energy dissipating devices. Here, the vibration response control in such adjacent structures interconnected with semi-active magneto-rheological (MR) dampers is studied, which could also be used as a retrofitting measure in existing structures apart from employing them in new constructions. The semi-active nature of the MR damper is modeled using the popular Lyapunov control algorithm owing to its least computational efforts among the other considered control algorithms. The semi-active performance of the MR damper is compared with its two passive states, e.g., passive-off and passive-on, in which voltage applied to the damper is kept constant throughout the occurrence of a hazard, to establish its effectiveness even during the probable electric power failure during the wind or seismic hazards. The performance of the MR damper, in terms of structural response reduction, is compared with other popular energy dissipating devices, such as viscous and friction dampers. Four damper arrangements have been considered to arrive at the most effective configuration for interconnecting the two adjoining structures. Structural responses are recorded in terms of storey displacement, storey acceleration, and storey shear forces. Coupling the two adjacent dynamically similar buildings results in over a 50% reduction in the structural vibration against both wind and earthquake hazards, and this is achieved by not necessarily connecting all the floors of the structures with dampers. The comparative analysis indicates that the semi-active MR damper is more effective for response control than the other passive dampers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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22 pages, 2569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Base-Isolated Tanks with Supplemental Linear Viscous Dampers

by Alexandros Tsipianitis and Yiannis Tsompanakis

Infrastructures 2022, 7(11), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7110157 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2647

Abstract

Base isolation of liquid storage tanks has proven to be an efficient seismic protection measure, leading to a drastic reduction of a superstructure’s distress. However, many such tanks are located near seismic tectonic faults, which generate strong pulse-like ground motions that can impose [...] Read more.

Base isolation of liquid storage tanks has proven to be an efficient seismic protection measure, leading to a drastic reduction of a superstructure’s distress. However, many such tanks are located near seismic tectonic faults, which generate strong pulse-like ground motions that can impose excessive displacement demands on the isolators. For this reason, viscous dampers are incorporated into the isolation system to avoid overconservative isolators design. To optimize the seismic performance of hybrid isolation systems consisting of single friction pendulum bearings and linear viscous dampers, two novel multi-objective optimization approaches are proposed in the current study. Furthermore, suitable constraint functions and design variables are selected, considering the most critical parameters of the hybrid isolation system. The multi-objective genetic algorithm optimizer is used for the solution of both problems. The results are presented in the typical form of Pareto and certain optimal design solutions are carefully chosen and compared in terms of isolators fragility curves and tank accelerations. The main aim is to optimize the critical design parameters by achieving a reasonable balance among contradicting objectives. The tank industry can substantially benefit from this study, as a more cost-efficient design of hybrid base-isolation can be attained for large-scale tanks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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17 pages, 5985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Soil Structure Interaction of a High-Rise Building Resting over a Finned Pile Mat

by Pankaj Bariker and Sreevalsa Kolathayar

Infrastructures 2022, 7(10), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7100142 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5585

Abstract

High-rise building safety is generally supported by pile-mat systems. They must be sturdy enough to withstand potential lateral loads brought on by earthquakes, wind, dredging, and machine vibrations, in addition to increased axial loads. An innovative piled-mat foundation system is required to deal [...] Read more.

High-rise building safety is generally supported by pile-mat systems. They must be sturdy enough to withstand potential lateral loads brought on by earthquakes, wind, dredging, and machine vibrations, in addition to increased axial loads. An innovative piled-mat foundation system is required to deal with these impacts because standard pile foundation systems only have lateral capacities that are 10% of their axial capacities. This study aims to reduce the damage caused by seismic impacts on high-rise buildings using shear walls supported by piled mats, thereby minimizing vibrations within the structure. Compared with conventional pile systems, the finned-pile foundation is a proven method that can withstand a 65% to 80% higher lateral load; hence, a series of SSI analyses were performed on a 25-story high-rise building, with the shear wall resting on a finned-pile mat (FP-Mat), under a far-field earthquake excitation, using ABAQUS software. The seismic responses were studied by performing a time–history analysis on the FP-Mat, with varying fin-lengths (L_f) of 0.2L_p, 0.4L_p, 0.6L_p, and 0.8L_p, which was compared with an analysis of a conventional piled-mat (RP-Mat). The seismic responses for RP-Mat and FP-Mats were studied with peak-acceleration, maximum horizontal displacement, and inter-story drifts acting as the damage parameters. The provision of FP-Mats significantly reduced the vibrations and seismic effects on the building, and as the fin-length increased, the vibrations and seismic effects reduced further. The drifting bound was also reduced as the fin-length increased. The optimum fin-length for FP-Mats is suggested to be 0.6L_p in terms of seismic performance and construction efficiency. This study helps one understand the seismic behaviors of high-rise buildings resting on finned pile mats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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25 pages, 16799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Response Identification of a Triple-Single Bailey Bridge Based on Vehicle Traffic-Induced Vibration Analysis

by Vasileios D. Papavasileiou, Charis J. Gantes, Pavlos Thanopoulos and Xenofon A. Lignos

Infrastructures 2022, 7(10), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7100139 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4840

Abstract

Even though prefabricated steel Bailey bridges have been used for more than 80 years, limited studies of their structural features have been conducted, most of which do not consider their response in operational conditions. This study aimed at determining the modal parameters of [...] Read more.

Even though prefabricated steel Bailey bridges have been used for more than 80 years, limited studies of their structural features have been conducted, most of which do not consider their response in operational conditions. This study aimed at determining the modal parameters of a 30.48 m length Triple-Single (TS) Bailey bridge based on traffic-induced vibrations and comparing them with numerical results. Low-cost improvised accelerometers recorded and logged the actual response time histories, while a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model was developed to carry out the relevant dynamic analyses. The identification of modal parameters was based on the Operational Modal Analysis (OMA) process and the Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD) method. Numerical analysis results are in accordance with the operational dynamic response of the Triple -Single Bailey bridge, confirming that the numerical model can effectively be used for extended dynamic analysis. In addition, the analysis of raw time histories through the OMA process indicates that the response is affected by the connections’ condition, in particular, the eventual looseness of bolts and pins. At least five eigenfrequencies were estimated and matched with relevant mode shapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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21 pages, 7108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance Analysis of the Elevated RC Tanks under Strong Far- and Near-Fault Ground Motions Considering Fluid–Structure Interaction

by Arash Karimi Pour and Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi

Infrastructures 2022, 7(10), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7100138 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2759

Abstract

The elevated reinforced concrete tanks assessed in the current work were the subject of a nonlinear sloshing analysis resulting from fluid–container interactions. The primary response quantity of interest was the height of free surface sloshing. To achieve this aim, the effect of the [...] Read more.

The elevated reinforced concrete tanks assessed in the current work were the subject of a nonlinear sloshing analysis resulting from fluid–container interactions. The primary response quantity of interest was the height of free surface sloshing. To achieve this aim, the effect of the liquid contents on the seismic behavior of tanks subjected to various sets of far- and near-fault ground motions were measured. The variables considered in this study included bidirectional loading, the earthquake’s frequency content, water sloshing, and the three-dimensional geometry. The primary goal of this work was to analyze these crucial parameters through a parametric analysis using a finite element method considering the influence of nonlinear fluid–structure interactions under the influence of different ground motions. By contrasting the numerical results obtained by previous studies and those of the current investigation, the applicability of the current simulation in seismic analyses of the elevated reinforced concrete tanks was then examined, and significant conclusions were formed. The findings showed that the nonlinearity of sloshing may significantly affect the seismic performance of the liquid–container interactions and that failing to properly account for it may pose a severe threat to these structures’ ability to perform satisfactorily for a particular class of tanks, particularly under the influence of near-fault events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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21 pages, 7404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Level Pre- and Post-Earthquake Building Seismic Assessment Protocol Based on Dynamic Characteristics Extracted In Situ

by Spyros Damikoukas, Stavros Chatzieleftheriou and Nikos D. Lagaros

Infrastructures 2022, 7(9), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7090115 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2841

Abstract

The present work is concerned with the introduction of a new first level pre- and post-earthquake seismic assessment protocol for buildings that relies on the use of recorded structural response. As earthquakes represent a constant and unpredictable threat for the building stock around [...] Read more.

The present work is concerned with the introduction of a new first level pre- and post-earthquake seismic assessment protocol for buildings that relies on the use of recorded structural response. As earthquakes represent a constant and unpredictable threat for the building stock around the globe, the protocols already in use for assessing the risk should be revised and should also take into account the information hidden in data recorded in the field. Nowadays, data collection does not require expensive equipment and over-qualified personnel. In this direction, the proposed seismic assessment protocol aims to illustrate the ease of widely adopting Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) equipment (e.g., accelerographs), based on the work that has been carried out over the past years on subjects related to earthquake risk estimation. Building taxonomy and damage estimation, like those found in Hazus^®–MH and other hazard assessment tools, can be enriched and modified properly to distinguish and classify the very earthquake-prone buildings from the others, and tag them for further assessment and rehabilitation as seismic codes suggest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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16 pages, 4660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Detection of Fracture within Vibrating Beams Traversed by a Moving Force

by Georgios I. Dadoulis and George D. Manolis

Infrastructures 2022, 7(7), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7070093 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2287

Abstract

In this work, we examine the influence of a crack in the span of a beam as it is being traversed by a point force with constant velocity. This problem presents two types of discontinuities: one spatial, where the crack is modelled as [...] Read more.

In this work, we examine the influence of a crack in the span of a beam as it is being traversed by a point force with constant velocity. This problem presents two types of discontinuities: one spatial, where the crack is modelled as a discontinuity in the slope of the deflection curve of the beam, and a temporal one, with the former derived as the point force moves forward in time. The aim is to interpret time signals registered at a given node on the beam, either during the forced vibration or the free vibration regimes, by using the Gabor transform of the transient beam response so as to observe a pattern that alludes to the location of the discontinuity. Three analytical methods are examined, namely eigenvalue extraction, Laplace transformation and the transform matrix technique. A numerical example is presented using the Laplace transformation, where it is possible to detect the location of damage during the traverse of a point force across the bridge span. Validation studies of the methodology presented here can be conducted in the future, either through field measurements or through experimental setups, which constitutes an important step in realizing applications in structural health monitoring of civil engineering infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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17 pages, 8423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adverse Impact of Earthquake Seismic Loading on Angular Offset Tunnels and Effects of Isolation Grout

by Ahmed Elgamal and Nissreen Elfaris

Infrastructures 2022, 7(7), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7070087 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3141

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of seismic loads on tunnels in an attempt to provide better protection from earthquake shaking. Dynamic analysis of angular offset tunnels was performed, and the tunnels’ behavior under earthquake shaking and their response when using seismic isolation were [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the effects of seismic loads on tunnels in an attempt to provide better protection from earthquake shaking. Dynamic analysis of angular offset tunnels was performed, and the tunnels’ behavior under earthquake shaking and their response when using seismic isolation were analyzed in detail. The time history analysis was used to compute the stresses and deformation that develop in the tunnels during seismic events. Earthquake records with different frequency spectra were applied as seismic excitation to the twin tunnels. The excitation was applied normally to the tunnel axis, with peak ground accelerations of 0.10 g–0.30 g. The seismic event lasted 15 s, with a time step of 0.02 s utilized in the numerical analysis. Finite element modeling was employed to simulate the soil–tunnel interaction. Numerical models simulated twin tunnels passing through soft clay or stiff clay, with various earthquake records applied as seismic inputs. The effects of a silicon-based isolation material composed of silicon oil and fly-ash were compared with the use of traditional grout. The numerical model results show how seismic isolation affects the stresses and deformations that happen in tunnel bodies during earthquakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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20 pages, 4303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Behavior of a Class of Mixed Reinforced Concrete-Steel Buildings Subjected to Near-Fault Motions

by Paraskevi K. Askouni and George A. Papagiannopoulos

Infrastructures 2021, 6(12), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6120172 - 5 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3453

Abstract

This paper investigates the seismic behavior of a class of mixed reinforced concrete-steel buildings. In particular, mixed buildings constructed by r/c (reinforced concrete) at their lower story(ies) and structural steel at their upper story(ies) are studied from the viewpoint of their wide application [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the seismic behavior of a class of mixed reinforced concrete-steel buildings. In particular, mixed buildings constructed by r/c (reinforced concrete) at their lower story(ies) and structural steel at their upper story(ies) are studied from the viewpoint of their wide application in engineering praxis. The need to investigate the seismic behavior for this type of mixed buildings arises from the fact that the existent literature is small and that modern seismic codes do not offer specific seismic design recommendations for them. To study the seismic behavior of mixed r/c-steel buildings, a 3-D numerical model is employed and five realistic r/c-steel mixed buildings are simulated. Two cases of the support condition, i.e., fixed or pinned, of the lowest steel story to the upper r/c one are examined. The r/c and steel parts of the mixed buildings are initially designed as separate structures by making use of the relevant seismic design guidelines of Eurocode 8, and then the seismic response of these buildings is computed through non-linear time-history analyses. The special category of near-fault seismic motions is selected in these time-history analyses to force the mixed r/c-steel buildings under study to exhibit a strong non-linear response. Seismic response indices in terms of inter-story drift ratio, residual inter-story drift ratio and peak floor absolute accelerations are computed. The maximum values of these indices are discussed by comparing the two aforementioned kinds of support conditions and checking the satisfaction of specific seismic performance limits. Conclusions regarding the expected seismic behavior of mixed r/c-steel buildings under near-fault seismic motions are drawn. Finally, the need to introduce specific design recommendations for mixed r/c-steel buildings in modern seismic codes is stressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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10 pages, 4643 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Arbitrarily Oriented Phase Randomization of Design Ground Motions by Continuous Wavelets

by Haoyu Xie and Riki Honda

Infrastructures 2021, 6(10), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6100144 - 11 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1871

Abstract

For dynamic analysis in seismic design, selection of input ground motions is of huge importance. In the presented scheme, complex Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is utilized to simulate stochastic ground motions from historical records of earthquakes with phase disturbance arbitrarily localized in time-frequency [...] Read more.

For dynamic analysis in seismic design, selection of input ground motions is of huge importance. In the presented scheme, complex Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is utilized to simulate stochastic ground motions from historical records of earthquakes with phase disturbance arbitrarily localized in time-frequency domain. The complex arguments of wavelet coefficients are determined as phase spectrum and an innovative formulation is constructed to improve computational efficiency of inverse wavelet transform with a pair of random complex arguments introduced and make more candidate wavelets available in the article. The proposed methodology is evaluated by numerical simulations on a two-degree-of-freedom system including spectral analysis and dynamic analysis with Shannon wavelet basis and Gabor wavelet basis. The result shows that the presented scheme enables time-frequency range of disturbance in time-frequency domain arbitrarily oriented and complex Shannon wavelet basis is verified as the optimal candidate mother wavelet for the procedure in case of frequency information maintenance with phase perturbation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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13 pages, 2324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Seismic Response of CLT Shear Walls Using the EEGBW, a Bouc–Wen Class Predictive Model

by Angelo Aloisio and Massimo Fragiacomo

Infrastructures 2021, 6(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6040055 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2854

Abstract

The paper presents an application of the Extended Energy-dependent Generalized Bouc–Wen model (EEGBW) to simulate the experimental cyclic response of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels. The main objectives of the paper are assessing the sensitivity of the quadratic error between experimental and numerical data [...] Read more.

The paper presents an application of the Extended Energy-dependent Generalized Bouc–Wen model (EEGBW) to simulate the experimental cyclic response of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels. The main objectives of the paper are assessing the sensitivity of the quadratic error between experimental and numerical data to the EEGBW parameters, showing the fitting performance of the EEGBW model in matching the experimental cyclic response of CLT panels, highlighting the stability of the model in nonlinear dynamic analysis with seismic excitation. The research proves that the considered Bouc–Wen class hysteresis model can reproduce the hysteretic response of structural arrangements characterized by pinching and degradation phenomena. The model exhibits significant stability in nonlinear dynamic analysis with seismic excitation. The model’s stability and versatility endorse its application to simulate structural systems’ dynamic response when Finite Element modelling might be an impractical choice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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18 pages, 3318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lintel Beam on Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Semi-Interlocked and Unreinforced Brick Masonry Infills

by Mangeshkumar R. Shendkar, Denise-Penelope N. Kontoni, Sasankasekhar Mandal, Pabitra Ranjan Maiti and Dipendra Gautam

Infrastructures 2021, 6(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6010006 - 1 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6967

Abstract

The primary focus of this study is to evaluate the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with two types of brick infills viz., unreinforced brick masonry infill (URM) and semi-interlocked brick masonry infill (SIM) together with lintel beams, subjected to seismic loads. [...] Read more.

The primary focus of this study is to evaluate the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete (RC) frames with two types of brick infills viz., unreinforced brick masonry infill (URM) and semi-interlocked brick masonry infill (SIM) together with lintel beams, subjected to seismic loads. The seismic response is quantified in terms of response reduction factor and base shear. Infill walls are modeled using double strut nonlinear cyclic element. Nonlinear static adaptive pushover analysis is performed in the finite element program SeismoStruct. The response reduction factor (R) is computed from adaptive pushover analysis and performance for all models is obtained. The results showed that the average R factor of the RC framed structure with semi-interlocked masonry (SIM) is 1.31 times higher than the RC frame with unreinforced masonry (URM) infill. The R value of the bare frame with the lintel beam is found to be less than the corresponding value recommended in the Indian Standard Code. The results obtained in this study highlight that if the impacts of lintel beams and various brick infill scenarios are considered in the RC frames then the R values used for the design of RC frame buildings with infills would be underestimated (i.e., the evaluated R values are greater than the R values used for the design purpose). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering)

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