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Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications

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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 19170

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Dr. Thomas Dippong

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Chemistry and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technical University, 430122 Baia Mare, Romania
Interests: nanomaterials; magnetic nanocomposites; sol-gel synthesis; ferrite preparations and characterization techniques; food thermal behavior; flavor analysis; volatile profile; applications
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Dear Colleagues,

The characteristics of nanoparticles, such as their size, shape, surface morphology, crystal structure, grain boundaries, and composition, can be tuned to match the intended use. Thus, the design of nanostructured materials with a wide range of applications in the engineering, chemistry, physics, ceramics, biotechnology, biomedicine, and environmental fields represents an active area of research. Nanostructured materials are now widely used in research and industry, their particular properties allowing advanced physicochemical, electrical, thermal, catalytic, coloristic, optical, and magnetic applications.

The present Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive overview of original research articles, communications, or reviews that focus on the development, characterization, and/or applications of nanoparticles and their composites.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

Various synthesis routes for nanoparticles and nanocomposites;
Preparation and characteristics of nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, or nanofibers;
Thermal behavior of nanomaterials and their composites;
Structural characterization by XRD, FT-IR, Mossbauer, or XPS;
Surface characterization by BET;
Morphological characterization by TEM, SEM, or AFM;
Magnetic applications of nanostructured materials;
Adsorption or photocatalytic properties of nanostructured materials used in the environmental field;
Application of nanocomposites for water decontamination: removal of heavy metals, dyes, pesticides, and other pollutants;
Pigments based on materials used in glazes;
Materials for high-performance batteries;
Nanosensors, catalysis, and photocatalysis, oxidation processes, and antimicrobial activity;
Medical applications of nanomaterials.

Dr. Thomas Dippong
Guest Editor

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Keywords

nanostructured materials
synthesis routes
characterization
magnetic application
medical application

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 5424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Functionalisation of Self-Assembled Quantum Dot Microlasers with a DNA Aptamer

by Bethan K. Charlton, Dillon H. Downie, Isaac Noman, Pedro Urbano Alves, Charlotte J. Eling and Nicolas Laurand

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914416 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1193

Abstract

The surface functionalisation of self-assembled colloidal quantum dot supraparticle lasers with a thrombin binding aptamer (TBA-15) has been demonstrated. The self-assembly of CdSSe/ZnS alloyed core/shell microsphere-shape CQD supraparticles emitting at 630 nm was carried out using an oil-in-water emulsion technique, yielding microspheres with an oleic acid surface and an average diameter of 7.3 ± 5.3 µm. Surface modification of the microspheres was achieved through a ligand exchange with mercaptopropionic acid and the subsequent attachment of TBA-15 using EDC/NHS coupling, confirmed by zeta potential and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. Lasing functionality between 627 nm and 635 nm was retained post-functionalisation, with oleic acid- and TBA-coated microspheres exhibiting laser oscillation with thresholds as low as 4.10 ± 0.37 mJ·cm⁻² and 7.23 ± 0.78 mJ·cm⁻², respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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15 pages, 5503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metallic Nanowires Self-Assembled in Quasi-Circular Nanomolds Templated by DNA Origami

by David Daniel Ruiz Arce, Shima Jazavandi Ghamsari, Artur Erbe and Enrique C. Samano

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(17), 13549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241713549 - 31 Aug 2023

Viewed by 946

Abstract

The self-assembly of conducting nanostructures is currently being investigated intensively in order to evaluate the feasibility of creating novel nanoelectronic devices and circuits using such pathways. In particular, methods based on so-called DNA Origami nanostructures have shown great potential in the formation of metallic nanowires. The main challenge of this method is the reproducible generation of very well-connected metallic nanostructures, which may be used as interconnects in future devices. Here, we use a novel design of nanowires with a quasi-circular cross-section as opposed to rectangular or uncontrolled cross-sections in earlier studies. We find indications that the reliability of the fabrication scheme is enhanced and the overall resistance of the wires is comparable to metallic nanostructures generated by electrochemistry or top-down methods. In addition, we observe that some of the nanowires are annealed when passing a current through them, which leads to a clear enhancement for the conductance. We envision that these nanowires provide further steps towards the successful generation of nanoelectronics using self-assembly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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14 pages, 3898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Curcumin-Loaded Zn-MOF Hydrogel for Long-Term Drug Release and Antibacterial Activities

by Jiaxin Li, Yachao Yan, Yingzhi Chen, Qinglin Fang, Muhammad Irfan Hussain and Lu-Ning Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(14), 11439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411439 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2281

Abstract

Management of chronic inflammation and wounds has always been a key issue in the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors. Curcumin (CCM) is an active ingredient extracted from turmeric rhizomes with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities, thus showing significant effectiveness toward wound healing. However, its shortcomings, such as poor water solubility, poor chemical stability, and fast metabolic rate, limit its bioavailability and long-term use. In this context, hydrogels appear to be a versatile matrix for carrying and stabilizing drugs due to their biomimetic structure, soft porous microarchitecture, and favorable biomechanical properties. The drug loading/releasing efficiencies can also be controlled via using highly crystalline and porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Herein, a flexible hydrogel composed of a sodium alginate (SA) matrix and CCM-loaded MOFs was constructed for long-term drug release and antibacterial activity. The morphology and physicochemical properties of composite hydrogels were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Raman spectroscopy, and mechanical property tests. The results showed that the composite hydrogel was highly twistable and bendable to comply with human skin mechanically. The as-prepared hydrogel could capture efficient CCM for slow drug release and effectively kill bacteria. Therefore, such composite hydrogel is expected to provide a new management system for chronic wound dressings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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14 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Study of Composite Cements on Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Palatal Origin

by Alina Ioana Ardelean, Madalina Florina Dragomir, Marioara Moldovan, Codruta Sarosi, Gertrud Alexandra Paltinean, Emoke Pall, Lucian Barbu Tudoran, Ioan Petean and Liviu Oana

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(13), 10911; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310911 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 977

Abstract

Uniform filler distribution in composites is an important requirement. Therefore, BaO glass, nano hydroxyapatite and quartz filler distribution was realized through PCL microcapsules which progressively release filler during matrix polymerization. Two composites were realized based on a complex matrix containing BisGMA, UDMA, HEMA and PEG400 mixed with a previously described mineral filler: 33% for C1 and 31% for C2. The spreading efficiency was observed via SEM, revealing a complete disintegration of the microcapsules during C1 polymerization, while C2 preserved some microcapsule parts that were well embedded into the matrix beside BaO filler particles; this was confirmed by means of the EDS spectra. Mesenchymal stem cells of palatal origin were cultured on the composites for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was measured at each time interval and the cytotoxicity was tested after 3, 5 and 7 days of co-culture on the composite samples. The SEM investigation showed that both composites allowed for robust proliferation of the cells. The MSC cell pluripotency stage was observed from 1 to 3 days with an average level of ALP of 209.2 u/L for C1 and 193.0 u/L for C2 as well as a spindle cell morphology. Cell differentiation occurred after 5 and 7 days of culture, implied by morphological changes such as flattened, star and rounded shapes, observed via SEM, which were correlated with an increased ALP level (279.4 u/L for C1 and 284.3 u/L for C2). The EDX spectra after 7 days of co-culture revealed increasing amounts of P and Ca close to the hydroxyapatite stoichiometry, indicating the stimulation of the osteoinductive behavior of MSCs by C1 and C2. The MTT assay test showed a cell viability of 98.08% for C1 and 97.33% for C2 after 3 days, proving the increased biocompatibility of the composite samples. The cell viability slightly decreased at 5 and 7 days but the results were still excellent: 89.5% for C1 and 87.3% for C2. Thus, both C1 and C2 are suitable for further in vivo testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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25 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Mono-, Di- and Trivalent Cationic Dopants for the Enhancement of Thermal Behavior, Kinetics, Structural, Morphological, Surface and Magnetic Properties of CoFe₂O₄-SiO₂ Nanocomposites

by Thomas Dippong, Erika Andrea Levei, Ioan Petean, Iosif Grigore Deac, Raluca Anca Mereu and Oana Cadar

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(11), 9703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119703 - 2 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1167

Abstract

CoFe₂O₄ is a promising functional material for various applications. The impact of doping with different cations (Ag⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, and La³⁺) on the structural, thermal, kinetics, morphological, surface, and magnetic properties of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized via the sol-gel method and calcined at 400, 700 and 1000 °C is investigated. The thermal behavior of reactants during the synthesis process reveals the formation of metallic succinates up to 200 °C and their decomposition into metal oxides that further react and form the ferrites. The rate constant of succinates’ decomposition into ferrites calculated using the isotherms at 150, 200, 250, and 300 °C decrease with increasing temperature and depend on the doping cation. By calcination at low temperatures, single-phase ferrites with low crystallinity were observed, while at 1000 °C, the well-crystallized ferrites were accompanied by crystalline phases of the silica matrix (cristobalite and quartz). The atomic force microscopy images reveal spherical ferrite particles covered by an amorphous phase, the particle size, powder surface area, and coating thickness contingent on the doping ion and calcination temperature. The structural parameters estimated via X-ray diffraction (crystallite size, relative crystallinity, lattice parameter, unit cell volume, hopping length, density) and the magnetic parameters (saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, magnetic moment per formula unit, coercivity, and anisotropy constant) depend on the doping ion and calcination temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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12 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Impact of Chronic Oral Administration of Gold Nanoparticles on Cognitive Abilities of Mice

by Alexandra L. Ivlieva, Elena N. Petritskaya, Dmitriy A. Rogatkin, Inga Zinicovscaia, Nikita Yushin and Dmitrii Grozdov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 8962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108962 - 18 May 2023

Viewed by 1074

Abstract

The influence of gold nanoparticles after their prolonged oral administration to mice (during pregnancy and lactation) on spatial memory and anxiety levels in offspring was investigated. Offspring were tested in the Morris water maze and in the elevated Plus-maze. The average specific mass content of gold which crossed the blood–brain barrier was measured using neutron activation analysis and constituted 3.8 ng/g for females and 1.1 ng/g for offspring. Experimental offspring showed no differences in spatial orientation and memory compared to the control, while their anxiety levels increased. Gold nanoparticles influenced the emotional state of mice exposed to nanoparticles during prenatal and early postnatal development, but not their cognitive abilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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17 pages, 4325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Injectable Hydrogel Guides Neurons Growth with Specific Directionality

by Yun-Hsiu Tseng, Tien-Li Ma, Dun-Heng Tan, An-Jey A. Su, Kia M. Washington, Chun-Chieh Wang, Yu-Ching Huang, Ming-Chung Wu and Wei-Fang Su

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 7952; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097952 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

Visual disabilities affect more than 250 million people, with 43 million suffering from irreversible blindness. The eyes are an extension of the central nervous system which cannot regenerate. Neural tissue engineering is a potential method to cure the disease. Injectability is a desirable property for tissue engineering scaffolds which can eliminate some surgical procedures and reduce possible complications and health risks. We report the development of the anisotropic structured hydrogel scaffold created by a co-injection of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) solution and co-polypeptide solution. The positively charged poly (L-lysine)-r-poly(L-glutamic acid) with 20 mol% of glutamic acid (PLLGA) is crosslinked with negatively charged CNF while promoting cellular activity from the acid nerve stimulate. We found that CNF easily aligns under shear forces from injection and is able to form hydrogel with an ordered structure. Hydrogel is mechanically strong and able to support, guide, and stimulate neurite growth. The anisotropy of our hydrogel was quantitatively determined in situ by 2D optical microscopy and 3D X-ray tomography. The effects of PLLGA:CNF blend ratios on cell viability, neurite growth, and neuronal signaling are systematically investigated in this study. We determined the optimal blend composition for stimulating directional neurite growth yielded a 16% increase in length compared with control, reaching anisotropy of 30.30% at 10°/57.58% at 30°. Using measurements of calcium signaling in vitro, we found a 2.45-fold increase vs. control. Based on our results, we conclude this novel material and unique injection method has a high potential for application in neural tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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14 pages, 2312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Functionalized Disiloxanes with Nonconventional Fluorescence by Thiol–Epoxy Click Reaction

by Jing Tang, Shengyu Feng and Dengxu Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 7785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097785 - 24 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1227

Abstract

Herein, a series of novel sulfur-containing functionalized disiloxanes based on a low-cost and commercially available material, i.e., 1,3-bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, and various thiol compounds were prepared by thiol–epoxy click reaction. It was found that both lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) have high catalytic activity after optimizing the reaction condition, and the reaction can be carried out with high yields, excellent regioselectivity, mild reaction condition, and good tolerance of functional groups. These compounds exhibit excellent nonconventional fluorescence due to the formation of coordination bonds between Si atoms and heteroatoms (e.g., S or N) and can emit blue fluorescence upon ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. These results demonstrate that the thiol–epoxy click reaction could promisingly act as an efficient organosilicon synthetic methodology to construct various organosilicon materials with novel structures and functionality, and thus their application scope will be significantly expanded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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14 pages, 5088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Decontamination from Cr(VI) by Transparent Silica Xerogel Monolith

by Marco Zannotti, Andrea Rossi, Marco Minicucci, Stefano Ferraro, Laura Petetta and Rita Giovannetti

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087430 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 926

Abstract

Cr(VI) is highly soluble and mobile in water solution and extremely toxic. In order to obtain a specific material with adsorption properties towards Cr(VI), and that can be used in environmental remediation of water contaminated with Cr(VI), one-step sol-gel technique, at low temperature (50 °C), has been optimized to prepare transparent silica-based xerogel monolith by using tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursor. The obtained xerogel, with disk shape, was fully characterized by Raman, BET, FE-SEM and XRD analysis. The results indicated that the material showed silica amorphous phase and high porosity. The study of the adsorption properties towards different concentrations of Cr(VI), in the form of HCrO₄⁻ in acidic condition, showed prominent results. The absorption kinetics were evaluated by studying different models, the final result showing that the absorption of Cr(VI) occurred through intra-particle diffusion process, following two steps, and that the absorption equilibrium is regulated by Freundlich isotherm model. The material can be restored by reducing the hazardous Cr(VI) to Cr(III), a less toxic form of chromium, by 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, and with successive treatment in acidic water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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26 pages, 8247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery of W(VI) from Wolframite Ore Using New Synthetic Schiff Base Derivative

by Rawan E. Elbshary, Ayman A. Gouda, Ragaa El Sheikh, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Mohamed Y. Hanfi, Bahig M. Atia, Ahmed K. Sakr and Mohamed A. Gado

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7423; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087423 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1480

Abstract

A new synthetic material, namely, (3-(((4-((5-(((S)-hydroxyhydrophosphoryl)oxy)-2-nitrobenzylidene) amino) phenyl) imino) methyl)-4-nitrophenyl hydrogen (R)-phosphonate)), was subjected to a quaternary ammonium salt and named (HNAP/QA). Several characterizations, such as FTIR spectrometry, ¹H-NMR analysis, ¹³C-NMR analysis, ³¹P-NMR Analysis, TGA analysis, and GC-MS analysis, were performed to ensure its felicitous preparation. HNAP/QA is capable of the selective adsorption of W(VI) ions from its solutions and from its rock leachate. The optimum factors controlling the adsorption of W(VI) ions on the new adsorbent were studied in detail. Furthermore, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied. The adsorption reaction fits the Langmuir model. The sorption process of the W(VI) ions is spontaneous due to the negative value of ∆G° calculated for all temperatures, while the positive value of ∆H° proves that the adsorption of the W(VI) ions adsorption on HNAP/QA is endothermic. The positive value of ∆S° suggests that the adsorption occurs randomly. Ultimately, the recovery of W(IV) from wolframite ore was conducted successfully. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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9 pages, 1994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Structure on Magnetic Properties of Calcium-Phosphate Systems Doped with Iron and Vanadium Ions

by Dania Racolta, Constantin Andronache, Maria Balasoiu, Leonard Mihaly-Cozmuta, Vadim Sikolenko, Oleg Orelovich, Andrey Rogachev, Gheorghe Borodi and Gheorghe Iepure

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 7366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24087366 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1029

Abstract

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize the glasses made of x(Fe₂O₃∙V₂O₅)∙(100 − x)[P₂O₅∙CaO] with x ranging of 0–50%. The contribution of Fe₂O₃ and V [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize the glasses made of x(Fe₂O₃∙V₂O₅)∙(100 − x)[P₂O₅∙CaO] with x ranging of 0–50%. The contribution of Fe₂O₃ and V₂O₅ amount on the structure of P₂O₅·CaO matrix was investigated. The vitreous materials were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis), EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. A hyperfine structure typical for isolated V⁴⁺ ions was noticed to all spectra containing low amount of V₂O_5. The XRD spectra show the amorphous nature of samples, apart x = 50%. An overlap of the EPR spectrum of a broad line without the hyperfine structure characteristic of clustered ions was observed with increasing V₂O₅ content. The results of magnetic susceptibility measurements explain the antiferromagnetic or ferromagnetic interactions expressed between the iron and vanadium ions in the investigated glass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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16 pages, 3209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Hierarchical Porous and N-Doped Carbonized Microspheres Derived from Chitin for Remarkable Adsorption of Congo Red in Aqueous Solution

by Taimei Cai, Huijie Chen, Lihua Yao and Hailong Peng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(1), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010684 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1505

Abstract

A novel adsorbent of N-doped carbonized microspheres were developed from chitin (N-doped CM-chitin) for adsorption of Congo red (CR). The N-doped CM-chitin showed spherical shape and consisted of carbon nanofibers with 3D hierarchical architecture. There were many micro/nano-pores existing in N-doped CM-chitin with high surface area (455.703 m² g⁻¹). The N element was uniformly distributed on the carbon nanofibers and formed with oxidize-N graphitic-N, pyrrolic-N, and pyridinic-N. The N-doped CM-chitin showed excellent adsorption capability for CR and the maximum adsorption amount was approximate 954.47 mg g⁻¹. The π-π/n-π interaction, hydrogen-bond interactions, and pore filling adsorption might be the adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption of N-doped CM-chitin was considered as a spontaneous endothermic adsorption process, and which well conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The N-doped CM-chitin exhibited an effective adsorption performance for dynamic CR water with good reusability. Therefore, this work provides new insights into the fabrication of a novel N-doped adsorbent from low-cost and waste biomasses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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Review

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21 pages, 4449 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gold-Based Nanostructures for Antibacterial Application

by Chinmaya Mutalik, Muhammad Saukani, Muhamad Khafid, Dyah Ika Krisnawati, Widodo, Rofik Darmayanti, Betristasia Puspitasari, Tsai-Mu Cheng and Tsung-Rong Kuo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(12), 10006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210006 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2014

Abstract

Bacterial infections have become a fatal threat because of the abuse of antibiotics in the world. Various gold (Au)-based nanostructures have been extensively explored as antibacterial agents to combat bacterial infections based on their remarkable chemical and physical characteristics. Many Au-based nanostructures have been designed and their antibacterial activities and mechanisms have been further examined and demonstrated. In this review, we collected and summarized current developments of antibacterial agents of Au-based nanostructures, including Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), Au nanoclusters (AuNCs), Au nanorods (AuNRs), Au nanobipyramids (AuNBPs), and Au nanostars (AuNSs) according to their shapes, sizes, and surface modifications. The rational designs and antibacterial mechanisms of these Au-based nanostructures are further discussed. With the developments of Au-based nanostructures as novel antibacterial agents, we also provide perspectives, challenges, and opportunities for future practical clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Nanostructured Materials Preparation, Characteristics and Applications)

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