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Synthesis, Processing and Applications of Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Macromolecules".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 12795

Special Issue Editor


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Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: controlled free radical polymerization; cyclopolymerization; sequence controlled polymers; conjugated polymers; organic materials; chirality
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Conjugated organic oligomers and polymers have demonstrated, in past decades, amazing properties, such as conductivity, which were traditionally considered counterintuitive for macromolecules consistently used as plastics and fibers (thus insulators) until the late 1970s. Their semiconducting properties have boosted enormous interest, and indeed, a new generation of materials, often pairing the outstanding performances of inorganic semiconductors, but showing advantages in terms of relative cost, easy methodology of processing, and fields of applications, have been brought forward. They are now widely used in sensing, energy harvesting and conversion, and electronics due to their amazing optical, electronic, chemical, and mechanical properties.

Although conjugated materials are booming and affecting many important fields, they still face some key challenges, mainly focusing on time-consuming synthesis and low yield, limited applications because of instability, or poor solubility. Therefore, the long-term development of conjugated organic materials urgently requires multidisciplinary researchers to work together, as a good match of organic, polymer chemistry, and engineering, in operando spectroscopic techniques is always the base for breakthroughs in the field. Effective and scalable synthesis will be a more and more important driving force for the long-lasting vitality of conjugated materials.

This Special Issue is intended to be an up-to-date and comprehensive issue focused on conjugated materials and aims to pave the way to future practical applications in this wide and dynamic field. We cordially invite you to submit original papers, perspectives, and reviews directed at, but not limited to, the synthesis, processing, and applications of conjugated materials. All aspects of the topics are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • New methods of conjugated materials synthesis
  • Green synthesis of conjugated materials
  • Large scale synthesis of conjugated materials
  • Modification and functionalization of conjugated materials
  • Conjugated materials for energy conversion and storage
  • Biological applications of conjugated materials

Prof. Dr. Dario Pasini
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 12119 KiB  
Article
Soft Template Electropolymerization of Polypyrrole for Improved pH-Induced Drug Delivery
by Iryna Liubchak, Matthew T. Lawrence, F. Benjamin Holness and Aaron D. Price
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 8114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218114 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3782
Abstract
Chronic wounds are characterized by a localized pH change from acidic (healthy) to alkaline (unhealthy), which can be harnessed to act as a switch for drug release from a polymer medium covering the wound for improved healing. To realize this, a new polymer [...] Read more.
Chronic wounds are characterized by a localized pH change from acidic (healthy) to alkaline (unhealthy), which can be harnessed to act as a switch for drug release from a polymer medium covering the wound for improved healing. To realize this, a new polymer dressing material is needed to help heal chronic wounds. Polypyrrole (PPy) is a biocompatible electroactive polymer that has been proven as a successful drug delivery mechanism, but currently lacks the capacity for scalable clinical applications due to its poor processability. In this study, PPy films with and without microstructures were produced using electrochemical oxidation and subsequently doped with fluorescein, a model drug molecule. To increase the drug loading capacity, microstructures were created through soft template polymerization of pyrrole around hydrogen gas bubbles. Fluorescein release was measured using UV spectroscopy over a pH range of 2 to 11, showing increased release at higher pH values. Microstructured films showed an increased doping capacity compared to flat PPy films, attributed to the increase in drug incorporation sites. The pH-activated release mechanism was shown to be successful and can be applied as a pH-sensitive biosensor and drug delivery system in vitro. Full article
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22 pages, 3983 KiB  
Article
Amino-Functionalized Nitrogen-Doped Graphene-Quantum-Dot-Based Nanomaterials with Nitrogen and Amino-Functionalized Group Content Dependence for Highly Efficient Two-Photon Bioimaging
by Wen-Shuo Kuo, Chia-Yuan Chang, Keng-Shiang Huang, Jui-Chang Liu, Yu-Ting Shao, Chih-Hui Yang and Ping-Ching Wu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(8), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082939 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3220
Abstract
We fabricated nanomaterials comprising amino-functionalized and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (amino-N-GQDs) and investigated their photostability and intrinsic luminescence in the near-infrared spectrum to determine their suitability as contrast agents in two-photon imaging (TPI). We observed that amino-N-GQDs with a higher amount of bonded [...] Read more.
We fabricated nanomaterials comprising amino-functionalized and nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (amino-N-GQDs) and investigated their photostability and intrinsic luminescence in the near-infrared spectrum to determine their suitability as contrast agents in two-photon imaging (TPI). We observed that amino-N-GQDs with a higher amount of bonded nitrogen and amino-functionalized groups (6.2%) exhibited superior two-photon properties to those with a lower amount of such nitrogen and groups (4.9%). These materials were conjugated with polymers containing sulfur (polystyrene sulfonate, PSS) and nitrogen atoms (polyethylenimine, PEI), forming amino-N-GQD–PSS–PEI specimens (amino-N-GQD-polymers). The polymers exhibited a high quantum yield, remarkable stability, and notable two-photon properties and generated no reactive oxygen species, rendering them excellent two-photon contrast agents for bioimaging. An antiepidermal growth factor receptor (AbEGFR) was used for labeling to increase specificity. Two-photon imaging (TPI) of amino-N-GQD (6.2%)-polymer-AbEGFR-treated A431 cancer cells revealed remarkable brightness, intensity, and signal-to-noise ratios for each observation at a two-photon excitation power of 16.9 nJ pixel−1 under 30 scans and a three-dimensional (3D) depth of 105 µm, indicating that amino-N-GQD (6.2%)-polymer-AbEGFR-treated cells can achieve two-photon luminescence with 71 times less power required for two-photon autofluorescence (1322.8 nJ pixel−1 with 500 scans) of similar intensity. This economy can minimize photodamage to cells, rendering amino-N-GQD-polymers suitable for noninvasive 3D bioimaging. Full article
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Review

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16 pages, 8228 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Non-Fullerene Acceptors of the IDIC/ITIC Families for Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
by Giacomo Forti, Andrea Nitti, Peshawa Osw, Gabriele Bianchi, Riccardo Po and Dario Pasini
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 8085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218085 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5164
Abstract
The introduction of the IDIC/ITIC families of non-fullerene acceptors has boosted the photovoltaic performances of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. The fine tuning of the photophysical, morphological and processability properties with the aim of reaching higher and higher photocurrent efficiencies has prompted uninterrupted worldwide [...] Read more.
The introduction of the IDIC/ITIC families of non-fullerene acceptors has boosted the photovoltaic performances of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells. The fine tuning of the photophysical, morphological and processability properties with the aim of reaching higher and higher photocurrent efficiencies has prompted uninterrupted worldwide research on these peculiar families of organic compounds. The main strategies for the modification of IDIC/ITIC compounds, described in several contributions published in the past few years, can be summarized and classified into core modification strategies and end-capping group modification strategies. In this review, we analyze the more recent advances in this field (last two years), and we focus our attention on the molecular design proposed to increase photovoltaic performance with the aim of rationalizing the general properties of these families of non-fullerene acceptors. Full article
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