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Energies
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Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
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Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 May 2021) | Viewed by 11933

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Namwook Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
Interests: hybrid electric vehicles; optimal control; powertrain system optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Over the last several decades, there has been a great deal of research effort directed towards modeling and control for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Thanks to these efforts, we can now see a number of HEVs on the roads. The modeling and control technologies applied to HEVs have not only been utilized for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PEHVs) or extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs), but hybrid technologies like dual motors or dual energy storage systems are also implemented in battery electric vehicles (BEVs).

When it comes to the modeling techniques, new powertrain configurations are developed and optimized based on the model-centric environments, and high-fidelity models using multi-physics like thermal or electrical simulation tools help engineers to precisely evaluate the performance of HEVs. Further, data-driven controls, artificial intelligence, or connectivity concepts are gaining in interest among control engineers, while traditional optimal control concepts like dynamic programming (DP) or Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are becoming well-known approaches for energy management strategies.

This Special Issue welcomes novel research results related to modeling and control technologies for HEVs. Studies utilizing real-world data or obtained by using real-world advanced vehicles are also highly recommended for this Issue.

Prof. Dr. Namwook Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • vehicle system modeling
  • hybrid powertrains
  • powertrain configuration
  • hybrid transmissions
  • thermal management systems
  • energy management strategies
  • control optimization
  • artificial intelligence
  • connected and automated technology

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7438 KiB  
Article
Energy Flow and Electric Drive Mode Efficiency Evaluation of Different Generations of Hybrid Vehicles under Diversified Urban Traffic Conditions
by Ireneusz Pielecha, Wojciech Cieslik and Filip Szwajca
Energies 2023, 16(2), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020794 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1455
Abstract
Hybrid propulsion dedicated to light duty vehicles is seen as an evolutionary change from internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric propulsion. Widespread direct replacement of convection ICEs in the current energy system is impossible because ICEs are vehicles’ main source of mechanical energy. [...] Read more.
Hybrid propulsion dedicated to light duty vehicles is seen as an evolutionary change from internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric propulsion. Widespread direct replacement of convection ICEs in the current energy system is impossible because ICEs are vehicles’ main source of mechanical energy. The hybrid powertrain uses the advantages of electric propulsion with the ability to charge the traction battery or have the internal combustion engine assist the system. The article compares different types of hybrid drives (with a small share of plug-in hybrid propulsion) under typical urban driving conditions. Nine vehicles were tested, and the tests were conducted over several months in various cities in Poland. The terms of the research conducted were not under the requirements of the driving test. However, they are authoritative when using the vehicle in real traffic conditions. Such conditions take into account many aspects that are relevant to a road test. It was found that urban conditions are a very suitable environment for hybrid propulsion systems, as they cover more than 50% of the distance in electric mode, regardless of the initial battery charge, in most cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
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12 pages, 9262 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Engine Downsizing in Hybrid Powertrains on the Energy Flow Indicators under Actual Traffic Conditions
by Andrzej Szałek and Ireneusz Pielecha
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2872; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102872 - 16 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2179
Abstract
The development of internal combustion engines is currently based around the ideas of downsizing and rightsizing. These trends, however, are not very widespread in vehicles with hybrid drive systems. Nevertheless, the authors analyzed the performance indicators of hybrid drives in downsized vehicles. Two [...] Read more.
The development of internal combustion engines is currently based around the ideas of downsizing and rightsizing. These trends, however, are not very widespread in vehicles with hybrid drive systems. Nevertheless, the authors analyzed the performance indicators of hybrid drives in downsized vehicles. Two generations of a vehicle model, equipped with hybrid drive systems, were used in the analysis in which not only the design of the internal combustion engine was changed, but also other hybrid drive systems (including the transmission, electric motors and high-voltage batteries). The paper analyzes the energy flow in two hybrid vehicles of different generations during tests in real road driving conditions in accordance with the requirements of the RDE (real driving emissions) tests. The authors have confirmed that newer vehicle designs extend the vehicle range by 38% in the electric mode under the conditions of road traffic (68% in the urban conditions). The application of a combustion engine with better operating indexes did not result in its greater load, but led to limitation of the maximum pressure-volume (PV) diagram. The change of the battery to Li-ion, despite its lower electric and energy capacity, led to an increase in vehicle’s working parameters (power and regenerative braking). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
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24 pages, 10368 KiB  
Article
Modeling, Control System Design and Preliminary Experimental Verification of a Hybrid Power Unit Suitable for Multirotor UAVs
by Matija Krznar, Petar Piljek, Denis Kotarski and Danijel Pavković
Energies 2021, 14(9), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092669 - 6 May 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
A key drawback of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with energy sources based solely on electrochemical batteries is related to the available on-board energy. Flight autonomy is typically limited to 15–30 min, with a flight duration upper limit of 90 min currently being [...] Read more.
A key drawback of multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with energy sources based solely on electrochemical batteries is related to the available on-board energy. Flight autonomy is typically limited to 15–30 min, with a flight duration upper limit of 90 min currently being achieved by high-performance battery-powered multirotor UAVs. Therefore, propulsion systems that utilize two or more different energy sources (hybrid power systems) may be considered as an alternative in order to increase the flight duration while retaining key performance benefits of battery energy storage use. The research presented in this work considers a multirotor UAV power unit, based on the internal combustion engine (ICE) powering an electricity generator (EG) connected to the common direct current (DC) bus in parallel with the lithium-polymer (LiPo) battery, and the respective modeling and identification of individual power unit subsystem, along with the dedicated control system design. Experimental verification of the proposed hybrid power unit control system has been carried out on the custom-build power unit prototype. The results show that the proposed control system combines the two power sources in a straightforward and effective way, with subsequent analysis showing that a two-fold energy density increase can be achieved with a hybrid energy source, consequently making it possible to achieve higher flight autonomy of the prospective multirotor (hover load around 1000–1400 W) equipped with such a hybrid system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 7706 KiB  
Article
Control Analysis of a Real-World P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Test Data
by Woong Lee, Tacksu Kim, Jongryeol Jeong, Jaewoo Chung, Deokjin Kim, Beomho Lee and Namwook Kim
Energies 2020, 13(16), 4092; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164092 - 7 Aug 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4893
Abstract
The control strategy of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is generally not disclosed to public because it is a significant factor in determining the performance of the system. However, engineers desiring to understand the control concept of real-world HEVs can gain knowledge in [...] Read more.
The control strategy of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is generally not disclosed to public because it is a significant factor in determining the performance of the system. However, engineers desiring to understand the control concept of real-world HEVs can gain knowledge in various ways. In this study, we used test data obtained from a bench dynamometer and real driving to analyze the supervisory control strategy of Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid. This research can be described in three steps. First, an understanding of the mode control strategy is obtained by investigating the engine on/off behavior, which determines when the pure electric driving mode is used. Second, the shifting patterns are studied by observing the speed ratios according to the vehicle speed and the torque demand. Third, the strategy for distributing the torque between the engine and the motor is analyzed by studying the motor assistant operation. Based on the analyzed control concept, it is possible to understand the technical strategy for improving the fuel efficiency of the parallel hybrid system. This study would be useful for engineers who want to design controllers for HEVs, in that it provides the analyzed control concept and the real-world operating behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
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