Submit to Energies Review for Energies Propose a Special Issue

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017

Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Published Papers

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2017) | Viewed by 99263

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Joeri Van Mierlo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre (MOBI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
Interests: experimental characterisation techniques of batteries; numerical modeling techniques for rechargeable energy storage systems; electric and hybrid vehicles; energy management; life cycle assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Omar Hegazy

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
Interests: advanced power electronics with WBG (SiC &GaN); powertrains; electric vehicles; connectivity & IoT; digital twin; V2X systems; BMS; co-design optimization; smart DC and AC microgrids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric Vehicles (EVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) have gained a growing interest in transport industry towards more electrified and energy-efficient powertrains. These alternatives to conventional vehicles based on internal combustion engines (ICEs), not only significantly improve the fuel economy, but also reduce the greenhouse emissions in transport sector. Nowadays, the commercialization of EVs and PHEVs has been possible in different applications (i.e., light duty, medium duty, and heavy duty vehicles) thanks to the advances in energy-storage systems and technologies, power electronics converters (incl. DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters and battery charging systems), electric machines, control strategies, and transmission systems.

This Special Issue is focused on the recent advances in electric vehicles and plug-in electric vehicles that address the new powertrain developments and go beyond the state-of-the-art (SOTA).

Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions/ articles for review and for possible publication in this Special Issue. Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):

Architecture of EV and PHEV;
Novel propulsion systems;
Emerging power electronics interfaces and their control algorithms;
Emerging electric machines and control techniques;
EVT and E-CVT for EVs, HEVs (Hybrid electric vehicles) and PHEVs;
Multiple Energy Sources for HEVs, Fuel cell vehicles, etc.;
Energy storage technologies;
Battery management systems (BMS);
Energy management strategies for HEVs and PHEVs;
Design optimization for EVs, HEVs and PHEVs;
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H), Grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies;
Wireless Power Transfer systems (WPTs) for EVs and PHEVs;
Low-voltage powertrains;
Environmental and socio-economical aspects of electromobility (LCA, TCO)

Prof. Dr. Joeri van Mierlo
Prof. Dr. Omar Hegazy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Electric Vehicles
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
Fuel Cell Vehicles
Power Electronics converters
Energy management systems
V2G, G2V and V2H
Charging infrastructure
TCO optimizations

Published Papers (12 papers)

Download All Papers

Research

Jump to: Review

7145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partial Stray Inductance Modeling and Measuring of Asymmetrical Parallel Branches on the Bus-Bar of Electric Vehicles

by Chengfei Geng, Fengyou He, Jingwei Zhang and Hongsheng Hu

Energies 2017, 10(10), 1519; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101519 - 01 Oct 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7531

Abstract

In order to increase the power rating of electric vehicles, insulated gate bipolar translator (IGBT) modules with multiple power terminals are usually adopted. The transient current sharing of the same polarity power terminals is related to the stray inductance in the branches of the bus-bar. Based on the laminated bus-bar of a three-phase inverter in the electric vehicles that consists of asymmetrical parallel branches, this paper investigates the transient current imbalance sharing caused by the asymmetrical stray inductance in the parallel branches of the bus-bar from the view of energy storing and releasing of stray inductance for the first time. Besides, the partial self-inductance and mutual-inductance model of the parallel branches is set up. Finally, a high-precision partial stray inductance measurement method is proposed, and the accuracy of the partial stray inductance model for asymmetrical parallel branches is verified by experimental tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regenerative Braking Control Strategy of Electric-Hydraulic Hybrid (EHH) Vehicle

by Yang Yang, Chang Luo and Pengxi Li

Energies 2017, 10(7), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10071038 - 20 Jul 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10532

Abstract

A novel electric-hydraulic hybrid drivetrain incorporating a set of hydraulic systems is proposed for application in a pure electric vehicle. Models of the electric and hydraulic components are constructed. Two control strategies, which are based on two separate rules, are developed; the maximum energy recovery rate strategy adheres to the rule of the maximization of the braking energy recovery rate, while the minimum current impact strategy adheres to the rule of the minimization of the charge current to the battery. The simulation models were established to verify the effects of these two control strategies. An ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) fuzzy control strategy is also developed and simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that the developed control strategy can effectively absorb the braking energy, suppress the current impact, and assure braking safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4524 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy-Based Design of Powertrain for a Re-Engineered Post-Transmission Hybrid Electric Vehicle

by Laura Tribioli

Energies 2017, 10(7), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070918 - 03 Jul 2017

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6097

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic approach for the design of post-transmission hybrid electric vehicle powertrains, as an instrument aiding the designer in making the right decision. In particular, a post-transmission series/parallel hybrid electric powertrain is considered, and all of the possible energy paths are taken into account, in order to automatically select the configuration that gives the lowest fuel consumption, thus better fitting to the considered mission. The optimization problem is solved with the Dijkstra algorithm, which is more computationally efficient than other optimization algorithms in the case of massive design spaces. In this way, it is possible to design a vehicle in terms of architecture and component sizes, without making any a priori choices, which are usually based on common sense, likely compromising the overall system efficiency. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology, different driving cycles have been simulated, and some results are presented. The methodology is particularly applied to re-engineered vehicles, aimed at maximizing the benefits of the vehicle hybridization process. Results show how the introduction, in the optimization algorithm, of the engine load factor and sharing factor, for the engine torque split between the generator and the wheels, is crucial. For example, a 10% reduction of the original engine size, suggested by a low load factor, is able to allow for a 24% reduction in the fuel consumption. On the other hand, the sharing factor is of particular importance in suggesting if the vehicle architecture should be series, parallel or rather combined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4580 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Improved OCV Model of a Li-Ion NMC Battery for Online SOC Estimation Using the Extended Kalman Filter

by Ines Baccouche, Sabeur Jemmali, Bilal Manai, Noshin Omar and Najoua Essoukri Ben Amara

Energies 2017, 10(6), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10060764 - 31 May 2017

Cited by 109 | Viewed by 15910

Abstract

Accurate modeling of the nonlinear relationship between the open circuit voltage (OCV) and the state of charge (SOC) is required for adaptive SOC estimation during the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery operation. Online SOC estimation should meet several constraints, such as the computational cost, the number of parameters, as well as the accuracy of the model. In this paper, these challenges are considered by proposing an improved simplified and accurate OCV model of a nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) Li-ion battery, based on an empirical analytical characterization approach. In fact, composed of double exponential and simple quadratic functions containing only five parameters, the proposed model accurately follows the experimental curve with a minor fitting error of 1 mV. The model is also valid at a wide temperature range and takes into account the voltage hysteresis of the OCV. Using this model in SOC estimation by the extended Kalman filter (EKF) contributes to minimizing the execution time and to reducing the SOC estimation error to only 3% compared to other existing models where the estimation error is about 5%. Experiments are also performed to prove that the proposed OCV model incorporated in the EKF estimator exhibits good reliability and precision under various loading profiles and temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Charging of Electric Vehicle with Negligible Power Transfer Fluctuation

by Md Morshed Alam, Saad Mekhilef, Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian and Ben Horan

Energies 2017, 10(5), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050701 - 16 May 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4619

Abstract

High-efficiency inductive power transfer (IPT) with low misalignment effects is a key issue in the dynamic charging of electric vehicle (EV) systems. In this study, an advanced concept of analysis and design of transmitter and receiver coils with a special coil assembly is proposed for the dynamic charging of EVs. In each transmitter coil, large rectangular section is series connected with two zigzag-shaped small rectangular sections. These small sections are back-to-back series connected and located inside the large rectangular section. An adjacent pair of proposed transmitter coils with back-to-back series connection named extended double D (DD)-shaped transmitter is used throughout this paper. The major contribution in the case of the extended DD transmitter is negligible power transfer fluctuation, regardless of any horizontal misalignment of the receiver coil. Justification of the coil design is performed based on its load independent voltage gain and power transfer fluctuation characteristics. Experimental results prove that the power transfer fluctuation with load independent voltage gain is within ±6%, and the efficiency is approximately 93% under horizontal misalignment of receiver coil with an air gap of 140 mm. Finally, a new coil design set with a special arrangement has been proposed to maintain nearly uniform coupling factor and negligible power transfer fluctuation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

5367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Performance Evaluation of an Outer-Rotor Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Motor Based on Electrical-Thermal Two-Way Coupling Method

by Zhengming Shu, Xiaoyong Zhu, Li Quan, Yi Du and Chang Liu

Energies 2017, 10(5), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050677 - 12 May 2017

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5408

Abstract

Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) motors have gained increasing attention in electric vehicles (EVs) applications due to the advantages of high power density and high efficiency. However, the heat sources of both permanent magnet (PM) and armature winding are located on the limited stator space in the FSPM motors, which may result in the PM overheating and irreversible demagnetization caused by temperature rise, and it is often ignored in the conventional thermal analysis. In this paper, a new electrical-thermal two-way coupling design method is proposed to analyze the electromagnetic performances, where the change of PM material characteristics under different temperatures is taken into consideration. First, the motor topology and design equations are introduced. Second, the demagnetization curves of PM materials under different temperatures are modeled due to PM materials are sensitive to the temperature. Based on the electrical-thermal two-way coupling method, the motor performances are evaluated in detail, such as the load PM flux linkage and output torque. The motor is then optimized, and the electromagnetic performances between initial and improved motors are compared. Finally, a prototype motor is manufactured, and the results are validated by experimental measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Method for Energy Consumption Prediction and Energy-Efficient Routing of Electric Vehicles in Real-World Conditions

by Cedric De Cauwer, Wouter Verbeke, Thierry Coosemans, Saphir Faid and Joeri Van Mierlo

Energies 2017, 10(5), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050608 - 01 May 2017

Cited by 100 | Viewed by 9911

Abstract

Limited driving range remains one of the barriers for widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). To address the problem of range anxiety, this paper presents an energy consumption prediction method for EVs, designed for energy-efficient routing. This data-driven methodology combines real-world measured driving data with geographical and weather data to predict the consumption over any given road in a road network. The driving data are linked to the road network using geographic information system software that allows to separate trips into segments with similar road characteristics. The energy consumption over road segments is estimated using a multiple linear regression (MLR) model that links the energy consumption with microscopic driving parameters (such as speed and acceleration) and external parameters (such as temperature). A neural network (NN) is used to predict the unknown microscopic driving parameters over a segment prior to departure, given the road segment characteristics and weather conditions. The complete proposed model predicts the energy consumption with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 12–14% of the average trip consumption, of which 7–9% is caused by the energy consumption estimation of the MLR model. This method allows for prediction of energy consumption over any route in the road network prior to departure, and enables cost-optimization algorithms to calculate energy efficient routes. The data-driven approach has the advantage that the model can easily be updated over time with changing conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations

by Rong-Ceng Leou and Jeng-Jiun Hung

Energies 2017, 10(4), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040483 - 05 Apr 2017

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 6911

Abstract

The battery capacity of electric buses (EB) used for public transportation is greater than that of electric cars, and the charging power is also several times greater than that used in electric cars; this can result in high energy consumption and negatively impact power distribution networks. This paper proposes a framework to determine the optimal contracted power capacity and charging schedule of an EB charging station in such a way that energy costs can be reduced. A mathematical model of controlled charging, which includes the capacity and energy charges of the station, was developed to minimize costs. The constraints of the model include the charging characteristics of an EB and the operational guidelines of the bus company. A practical EB charging station was used to verify the proposed model. The financial viability of this EB charging station is also studied in this paper. The economic analysis model for this charging station considers investment and operational costs, and the operational revenue. Sensitivity analyses with respect to some key parameters are also performed in this paper. Based on actual operational routes and EB charging schemes, test results indicate that the EB charging station investment is feasible, and the planning model proposed can be used to determine optimal station power capacity and minimize energy costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multiple Data Fusion Approach to Wheel Slip Control for Decentralized Electric Vehicles

by Dejun Yin, Nan Sun, Danfeng Shan and Jia-Sheng Hu

Energies 2017, 10(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040461 - 02 Apr 2017

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5491

Abstract

Currently, active safety control methods for cars, i.e., the antilock braking system (ABS), the traction control system (TCS), and electronic stability control (ESC), govern the wheel slip control based on the wheel slip ratio, which relies on the information from non-driven wheels. However, these methods are not applicable in the cases without non-driven wheels, e.g., a four-wheel decentralized electric vehicle. Therefore, this paper proposes a new wheel slip control approach based on a novel data fusion method to ensure good traction performance in any driving condition. Firstly, with the proposed data fusion algorithm, the acceleration estimator makes use of the data measured by the sensor installed near the vehicle center of mass (CM) to calculate the reference acceleration of each wheel center. Then, the wheel slip is constrained by controlling the acceleration deviation between the actual wheel and the reference wheel center. By comparison with non-control and model following control (MFC) cases in double lane change tests, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control method has significant anti-slip effectiveness and stabilizing control performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Distributed Parameters on Conducted EMI from DC-Fed Motor Drive Systems in Electric Vehicles

by Li Zhai, Liwen Lin, Xinyu Zhang and Chao Song

Energies 2017, 10(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10010001 - 22 Dec 2016

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9015

Abstract

The large dv/dt and di/dt outputs of power devices in DC-fed motor drive systems in electric vehicles (EVs) always introduce conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions and may lead to motor drive system energy transmission losses. The effect of distributed parameters on conducted EMI from the DC-fed high voltage motor drive systems in EVs is studied. A complete test for conducted EMI from the direct current fed(DC-fed) alternating current (AC) motor drive system in an electric vehicle (EV) under load conditions is set up to measure the conducted EMI of high voltage DC cables and the EMI noise peaks due to resonances in a frequency range of 150 kHz–108 MHz. The distributed parameters of the motor can induce bearing currents under low frequency sine wave operation. However the impedance of the distributed parameters of the motor is very high at resonance frequencies of 500 kHz and 30 MHz, and the effect of the bearing current can be ignored, so the research mainly focuses on the distributed parameters in inverters and cables at 500 kHz and 30 MHz, not the effect of distributed parameters of the motor on resonances. The corresponding equivalent circuits for differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM) EMI at resonance frequencies of 500 kHz and 30 MHz are established to determine the EMI propagation paths and analyze the effect of distributed parameters on conducted EMI. The dominant distributed parameters of elements responsible for the appearing resonances at 500 kHz and 30 MHz are determined. The effect of the dominant distributed parameters on conducted EMI are presented and verified by simulation and experiment. The conduced voltage at frequencies from 150 kHz to 108 MHz can be mitigated to below the limit level-3 of CISPR25 by changing the dominant distributed parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of Generic Energy Management Strategy for Controlling Second-Life Battery Systems in Stationary Applications

by Mohamed Abdel-Monem, Omar Hegazy, Noshin Omar, Khiem Trad, Sven De Breucker, Peter Van Den Bossche and Joeri Van Mierlo

Energies 2016, 9(11), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/en9110889 - 29 Oct 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6215

Abstract

Recently, second-life battery systems have received a growing interest as one of the most promising alternatives for decreasing the overall cost of the battery storage systems in stationary applications. The high-cost of batteries represents a prominent barrier for their use in traction and stationary applications. To make second-life batteries economically viable for stationary applications, an effective power-electronics converter should be selected as well. This converter should be supported by an energy management strategy (EMS), which is needed for controlling the power flow among the second-life battery modules based on their available capacity and performance. This article presents the design, analysis and implementation of a generic energy management strategy (GEMS). The proposed GEMS aims to control and distribute the load demand between battery storage systems under different load conditions and disturbances. This manuscript provides the experimental verification of the proposed management strategy. The results have demonstrated that the GEMS can robustly handle any level of performance inequality among the used-battery modules with the aim to integrate different levels (i.e., size, capacity, and chemistry type) of the second-life battery modules at the same time and in the same application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Research

2447 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Situ Stress Measurement Techniques on Li-ion Battery Electrodes: A Review

by Ximing Cheng and Michael Pecht

Energies 2017, 10(5), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050591 - 27 Apr 2017

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 10064

Abstract

Li-ion batteries experience mechanical stress evolution due in part to Li intercalation into and de-intercalation out of the electrodes, ultimately resulting in performance degradation. In situ measurements of electrode stress can be used to analyze stress generation factors, verify mechanical deformation models, and validate degradation mechanisms. They can also be embedded in Li-ion battery management systems when stress sensors are either implanted in electrodes or attached on battery surfaces. This paper reviews in situ measurement methods of electrode stress based on optical principles, including digital image correlation, curvature measurement, and fiber optical sensors. Their experimental setups, principles, and applications are described and contrasted. This literature review summarizes the current status of these stress measurement methods for battery electrodes and discusses recent developments and trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 2017)

► Show Figures