Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications

A special issue of Catalysts (ISSN 2073-4344). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Catalysis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 39162

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Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, Liberec, Czech Republic
Interests: environmental chemistry; sustainable chemistry; water and wastewater treatmentł advanced oxidation processes
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Catalytic reactions form around 85% of all chemical reactions, being especially important in environmental science. It has been more than 20 years since Anastas and Warner introduced their 12 postulates of green chemistry, of which the 9th is catalysis. There have been continuous developments in catalysis regarding environmental applications, which are embodied in the exponential growth of scientific articles (published annually) concerning that topic.

This Special Issue is devoted to ‘’Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications’’, and primarily covers the catalytic removal of pollutants (from water, wastewater, soil, and air) as well as the catalytic synthesis of value-added chemicals (for example, in nonthermal plasma catalytic systems).

Articles focusing on the catalytic activation of oxidants and green syntheses of sophisticated catalysts for various environmental applications are particularly welcomed. Primarily, the following topics are planned to be covered in this Special Issue:

  • Green synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts;
  • Catalytic activation of oxidants (advanced oxidation processes; sulfate radical-based processes);
  • Photocatalysis for the removal of, e.g., micropollutants;
  • Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals and fuels;
  • Catalytic hydrogenation of contaminants in water;
  • Nanozymes for environmental applications.

All studies (experimental and theoretical) in the scope of this Special Issue, including original research and review articles, short communications, and perspective articles, are invited for submission.

Dr. Stanisław Wacławek
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Greener catalysts
  • Green synthesis of nanoparticles
  • Photocatalysis
  • Nanozymes
  • Catalytic activation of oxidants
  • Catalytic reduction of pollutants
  • Catalytic water and wastewater treatment
  • Value-added products from renewable sources.

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 414 KiB  
Editorial
Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications
by Stanisław Wacławek
Catalysts 2021, 11(5), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11050585 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1939
Abstract
Catalytic reactions account for approximately 85% of all chemical reactions, and they are particularly significant in environmental science [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 6737 KiB  
Article
Transformation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) during UV-Catalyzed Processes Assisted by Chlorine
by Edyta Kudlek
Catalysts 2020, 10(12), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10121432 - 8 Dec 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2130
Abstract
Every compound that potentially can be harmful to the environment is called a Contaminant of Emerging Concern (CEC). Compounds classified as CECs may undergo different transformations, especially in the water environment. The intermediates formed in this way are considered to be toxic against [...] Read more.
Every compound that potentially can be harmful to the environment is called a Contaminant of Emerging Concern (CEC). Compounds classified as CECs may undergo different transformations, especially in the water environment. The intermediates formed in this way are considered to be toxic against living organisms even in trace concentrations. We attempted to identify the intermediates formed during single chlorination and UV-catalyzed processes supported by the action of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide or ozone of selected contaminants of emerging concern. The analysis of post-processing water samples containing benzocaine indicated the formation of seven compound intermediates, while ibuprofen, acridine and β-estradiol samples contained 5, 5, and 3 compound decomposition by-products, respectively. The number and also the concentration of the intermediates decreased with the time of UV irradiation. The toxicity assessment indicated that the UV-catalyzed processes lead to decreased toxicity nature of post-processed water solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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13 pages, 3116 KiB  
Article
Cleaner Production of Epoxidized Cooking Oil Using A Heterogeneous Catalyst
by Maria Kurańska and Magdalena Niemiec
Catalysts 2020, 10(11), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10111261 - 30 Oct 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
A cleaner solvent-free process of used cooking oil epoxidation has been developed. The epoxidation reactions were carried out using “in situ”-formed peroxy acid. A variety of ion exchange resins with different cross-linking percentages and particle sizes such as Dowex 50WX2 50-100, Dowex 50WX2 [...] Read more.
A cleaner solvent-free process of used cooking oil epoxidation has been developed. The epoxidation reactions were carried out using “in situ”-formed peroxy acid. A variety of ion exchange resins with different cross-linking percentages and particle sizes such as Dowex 50WX2 50-100, Dowex 50WX2 100-200, Dowex 50WX2 200-400, Dowex 50WX4 50-100, Dowex 50WX4 100-200, Dowex 50WX4 200-400, Dowex 50WX8 50-100, Dowex 50WX8 100-200, Dowex 50WX8 200-400 were used in the synthesis as heterogeneous catalysts. No significant effect of the size as well as porosity of the catalysts on the properties of the final products was observed. In order to develop a more economically beneficial process, a much cheaper heterogeneous catalyst—Amberlite IR-120—was used and the properties of the epoxidized oil were compared with the bio-components obtained in the reaction catalyzed by the Dowex resins. The epoxidized waste oils obtained in the experiments were characterized by epoxy values in the range of 0.32–0.35 mol/100 g. To reduce the amount of waste, the reusability of the ion exchange resin in the epoxidation reaction was studied. Ten reactions were carried out using the same catalyst and each synthesis was monitored by determination of epoxy value changes vs. time of the reactions. It was noticed that in the case of the reactions where the catalyst was reused for the third and fourth time the content of oxirane rings was higher by 8 and 6%, respectively, compared to the reaction where the catalyst was used only one time. Such an observation has not been reported so far. The epoxidation process with catalyst recirculation is expected to play an important role in the development of a new approach to the environmentally friendly solvent-free epoxidation process of waste oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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19 pages, 5707 KiB  
Article
Fe3O4-Zeolite Hybrid Material as Hetero-Fenton Catalyst for Enhanced Degradation of Aqueous Ofloxacin Solution
by Alamri Rahmah Dhahawi Ahmad, Saifullahi Shehu Imam, Wen Da Oh and Rohana Adnan
Catalysts 2020, 10(11), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10111241 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3476
Abstract
A hetero-Fenton catalyst comprising of Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded on zeolite (FeZ) has been synthesized using a facile co-precipitation method. The catalyst was characterized using various characterization methods and then, subsequently, was used to degrade ofloxacin (OFL, 20 mg·L−1), [...] Read more.
A hetero-Fenton catalyst comprising of Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded on zeolite (FeZ) has been synthesized using a facile co-precipitation method. The catalyst was characterized using various characterization methods and then, subsequently, was used to degrade ofloxacin (OFL, 20 mg·L−1), an antibiotic, via a heterogeneous Fenton process in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The effects of different parameters such as Fe3O4 loading on zeolite, catalyst loading, initial solution pH, initial OFL concentration, different oxidants, H2O2 dosage, reaction temperature, and inorganic salts were studied to determine the performance of the FeZ catalyst towards Fenton degradation of OFL under different conditions. Experimental results revealed that as much as 88% OFL and 51.2% total organic carbon (TOC) could be removed in 120 min using the FeZ catalyst. Moreover, the FeZ composite catalyst showed good stability for Fenton degradation of OFL even after five cycles, indicating that the FeZ catalyst could be a good candidate for wastewater remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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13 pages, 3350 KiB  
Article
Glycine–Nitrate Combustion Synthesis of Cu-Based Nanoparticles for NP9EO Degradation Applications
by Hsu-Hui Cheng, Shiao-Shing Chen, Hui-Ming Liu, Liang-Wei Jang and Shu-Yuan Chang
Catalysts 2020, 10(9), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10091061 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3155
Abstract
Copper-based nanoparticles were synthesized using the glycine–nitrate process (GNP) by using copper nitrate trihydrate [Cu(NO3)2·3H2O] as the main starting material, and glycine [C2H5NO2] as the complexing and incendiary agent. The as-prepared [...] Read more.
Copper-based nanoparticles were synthesized using the glycine–nitrate process (GNP) by using copper nitrate trihydrate [Cu(NO3)2·3H2O] as the main starting material, and glycine [C2H5NO2] as the complexing and incendiary agent. The as-prepared powders were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy analysis. Using Cu(NO3)2·3H2O as the oxidizer (N) and glycine as fuel (G), we obtained CuO, mixed-valence copper oxides (CuO + Cu2O, G/N = 0.3–0.5), and metallic Cu (G/N = 0.7). The XRD and BET results indicated that increasing the glycine concentration (G/N = 0.7) and reducing the particle surface area increased the yield of metallic Cu. The effects of varying reaction parameters, such as catalyst activity, catalyst dosage, and H2O2 concentration on nonylphenol-9-polyethoxylate (NP9EO) degradation, were assessed. With a copper-based catalyst in a heterogeneous system, the NP9EO and total organic carbon removal efficiencies were 83.1% and 70.6%, respectively, under optimum operating conditions (pH, 6.0; catalyst dosage, 0.3 g/L; H2O2 concentration, 0.05 mM). The results suggest that the removal efficiency increased with an increase in H2O2 concentration but decreased when the H2O2 concentration exceeded 0.05 mM. Furthermore, the trend of photocatalytic activity was as follows: G/N = 0.5 > G/N = 0.7 > G/N = 0.3. The G/N = 0.5 catalysts showed the highest photocatalytic activity and resulted in 94.6% NP9EO degradation in 600 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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17 pages, 3319 KiB  
Article
Reductive Dechlorination of Chloroacetamides with NaBH4 Catalyzed by Zero Valent Iron, ZVI, Nanoparticles in ORMOSIL Matrices Prepared via the Sol-Gel Route
by Michael Meistelman, Dan Meyerstein, Amos Bardea, Ariela Burg, Dror Shamir and Yael Albo
Catalysts 2020, 10(9), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10090986 - 1 Sep 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2999
Abstract
The efficient reductive dechlorination, as remediation of dichloroacetamide and monochloroacetamide, toxic and abundant pollutants, using sodium borohydride catalyzed by zero valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI-NPs), entrapped in organically modified hybrid silica matrices prepared via the sol-gel route, ZVI@ORMOSIL, is demonstrated. The results indicate that [...] Read more.
The efficient reductive dechlorination, as remediation of dichloroacetamide and monochloroacetamide, toxic and abundant pollutants, using sodium borohydride catalyzed by zero valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI-NPs), entrapped in organically modified hybrid silica matrices prepared via the sol-gel route, ZVI@ORMOSIL, is demonstrated. The results indicate that the extent of the dechlorination reaction depends on the nature of the substrate and on the reaction medium. By varying the amount of catalyst or reductant in the reaction it was possible to obtain conditions for full dechlorination of these pollutants to nontoxic acetamide and acetic acid. A plausible mechanism of the catalytic process is discussed. The present work expands the scope of ZVI-NP catalyzed reduction of polluting compounds, first reports the catalytic parameters of chloroacetamide reduction, and offers additional insight into the heterogeneous catalyst structure of M0@ORMOSIL sol-gel. The ZVI@ORMOSIL catalyst is ferromagnetic and hence can be recycled easily. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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19 pages, 8051 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Gallium and Vanadium on the Dibenzothiophene Hydrodesulfurization and Naphthalene Hydrogenation Activities Using Sulfided NiMo-V2O5/Al2O3-Ga2O3
by Esneyder Puello-Polo, Yina Pájaro and Edgar Márquez
Catalysts 2020, 10(8), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10080894 - 7 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2906
Abstract
The effect of Ga and V as support-modifier and promoter of NiMoV/Al2O3-Ga2O3 catalyst on hydrogenation (HYD) and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activities was studied. The catalysts were characterized by elemental analysis, textural properties, XRD, XPS, EDS elemental mapping and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The [...] Read more.
The effect of Ga and V as support-modifier and promoter of NiMoV/Al2O3-Ga2O3 catalyst on hydrogenation (HYD) and hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activities was studied. The catalysts were characterized by elemental analysis, textural properties, XRD, XPS, EDS elemental mapping and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The chemical analyses by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and CHNS-O elemental analysis showed results for all compounds in agreement, within experimental accuracy, according to stoichiometric values proposed to Mo/Ni = 6 and (V+Ni)/(V+Ni+Mo) = 0.35. The sol-gel synthesis method increased the surface area by incorporation of Ga3+ ions into the Al2O3 forming Ga-O-Al bonding; whereas the impregnation synthesis method leads to decrease by blocking of alumina pores, as follows NiMoV/Al-Ga(1%-I) < NiMoV/Al-Ga(1%-SG) < NiMo/Al2O3 < Al2O3-Ga2O3(1%-I) < Al2O3-Ga2O3(1%-SG) < Al2O3, propitiating Dp-BJH between 6.18 and 7.89 nm. XRD confirmed a bulk structure typical of (NH4)4[NiMo6O24H6]•5H2O and XPS the presence at the surface of Mo4+, Mo6+, NixSy, Ni2+, Ga3+ and V5+ species, respectively. The EDS elemental mapping confirmed that Ni, Mo, Al, Ga, V and S are well-distributed on Al2O3-Ga2O3(1%-SG) support. The HRTEM analysis shows that the length and stacking distribution of MoS2 crystallites varied from 5.07 to 5.94 nm and 2.74 to 3.58 with synthesis method (SG to I). The results of the characterization sulfided catalysts showed that the synthesis method via impregnation induced largest presence of gallium on the surface influencing the dispersion V5+ species, this effect improves the dispersion of the MoS2 phase and increasing the number of active sites, which correlates well with the dibenzothiophene HDS and naphthalene HYD activities. The dibenzothiophene HDS activities with overall pseudo-first-order rate constants’ values (kHDS) from 1.65 to 7.07 L/(h·mol·m2) follow the order: NiMoV-S/Al-Ga(1%-I) < NiMo-S/Al2O3 < NiMoV-S/Al-Ga(1%-SG), whereas the rate constants’ values (k) of naphthalene HYD from 0.022 to 2.23 L/(h·mol·m2) as follow: NiMoV-S/Al-Ga(1%-SG) < NiMo-S/Al2O3 < NiMoV-S/Al-Ga(1%-I). We consider that Ga and V act as structural promoters in the NiMo catalysts supported on Al2O3 that allows the largest generation of BRIM sites for HYD and CUS sites for DDS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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12 pages, 5376 KiB  
Article
Montmorillonite K10: An Efficient Organo-Heterogeneous Catalyst for Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives
by Sonia Bonacci, Giuseppe Iriti, Stefano Mancuso, Paolo Novelli, Rosina Paonessa, Sofia Tallarico and Monica Nardi
Catalysts 2020, 10(8), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10080845 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5481
Abstract
The use of toxic solvents, high energy consumption, the production of waste and the application of traditional processes that do not follow the principles of green chemistry are problems for the pharmaceutical industry. The organic synthesis of chemical structures that represent the starting [...] Read more.
The use of toxic solvents, high energy consumption, the production of waste and the application of traditional processes that do not follow the principles of green chemistry are problems for the pharmaceutical industry. The organic synthesis of chemical structures that represent the starting point for obtaining active pharmacological compounds, such as benzimidazole derivatives, has become a focal point in chemistry. Benzimidazole derivatives have found very strong applications in medicine. Their synthesis is often based on methods that are not convenient and not very respectful of the environment. A simple montmorillonite K10 (MK10) catalyzed method for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has been developed. The use of MK10 for heterogeneous catalysis provides various advantages: the reaction yields are decidedly high, the work-up procedures of the reaction are easy and suitable, there is an increase in selectivity and the possibility of recycling the catalyst without waste formation is demonstrated. The reactions were carried out in solvent-free conditions and in a short reaction time using inexpensive and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalysis. It has been shown that the reaction process is applicable in the industrial field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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17 pages, 12504 KiB  
Article
CoMn Catalysts Derived from Hydrotalcite-Like Precursors for Direct Conversion of Syngas to Fuel Range Hydrocarbons
by Zahra Gholami, Zdeněk Tišler, Romana Velvarská and Jaroslav Kocík
Catalysts 2020, 10(8), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10080813 - 22 Jul 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2939
Abstract
Two different groups of CoMn catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like precursors were prepared through the co-precipitation method, and their performance in the direct production of gasoline and jet fuel range hydrocarbons through Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis was evaluated in a batch autoclave reactor at 240 [...] Read more.
Two different groups of CoMn catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like precursors were prepared through the co-precipitation method, and their performance in the direct production of gasoline and jet fuel range hydrocarbons through Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis was evaluated in a batch autoclave reactor at 240 °C and 7 MPa and H2/CO of 2. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were investigated and characterized using different characterization techniques. Catalyst performance was significantly affected by the catalyst preparation method. The crystalline phase of the catalyst prepared using KOH contained Co3O4 and some Co2MnO4.5 spinels, with a lower reducibility and catalytic activity than cobalt oxide. The available cobalt active sites are responsible for the chain growth, and the accessible acid sites are responsible for the cracking and isomerization. The catalysts prepared using KOH + K2CO3 mixture as a precipitant agent exhibited a high selectivity of 51–61% for gasoline (C5–C10) and 30–50% for jet fuel (C8–C16) range hydrocarbons compared with catalysts precipitated by KOH. The CoMn-HTC-III catalyst with the highest number of available acid sites showed the highest selectivity to C5–C10 hydrocarbons, which demonstrates that a high Brønsted acidity leads to the high degree of cracking of FT products. The CO conversion did not significantly change, and it was around 35–39% for all catalysts. Owing to the poor activity in the water-gas shift reaction, CO2 formation was less than 2% in all the catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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15 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
UV-Catalyzed Persulfate Oxidation of an Anthraquinone Based Dye
by Kamil Krawczyk, Stanisław Wacławek, Edyta Kudlek, Daniele Silvestri, Tomasz Kukulski, Klaudiusz Grübel, Vinod V. T. Padil and Miroslav Černík
Catalysts 2020, 10(4), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040456 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4388
Abstract
Wastewater from the textile industry has a substantial impact on water quality. Synthetic dyes used in the textile production process are often discharged into water bodies as residues. Highly colored wastewater causes various of problems for the aquatic environment such as: reducing light [...] Read more.
Wastewater from the textile industry has a substantial impact on water quality. Synthetic dyes used in the textile production process are often discharged into water bodies as residues. Highly colored wastewater causes various of problems for the aquatic environment such as: reducing light penetration, inhibiting photosynthesis and being toxic to certain organisms. Since most dyes are resistant to biodegradation and are not completely removed by conventional methods (adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, activated sludge, membrane filtration) they persist in the environment. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been proven to decolorize only some of the dyes from wastewater by photocatalysis. In this article, we compared two very different photocatalytic systems (UV/peroxydisulfate and UV/H2O2). Photocatalyzed activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) generated sulfate radicals (SO4•−), which reacted with the selected anthraquinone dye of concern, Acid Blue 129 (AB129). Various conditions, such as pH and concentration of PDS were applied, in order to obtain an effective decolorization effect, which was significantly better than in the case of hydroxyl radicals. The kinetics of the reaction followed a pseudo-first order model. The main reaction pathway was also proposed based on quantum chemical analysis. Moreover, the toxicity of the solution after treatment was evaluated using Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, and was found to be significantly lower compared to the toxicity of the initial dye. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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16 pages, 3448 KiB  
Article
Tuning the Selectivity of LaNiO3 Perovskites for CO2 Hydrogenation through Potassium Substitution
by Constantine Tsounis, Yuan Wang, Hamidreza Arandiyan, Roong Jien Wong, Cui Ying Toe, Rose Amal and Jason Scott
Catalysts 2020, 10(4), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal10040409 - 8 Apr 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5431
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a method used to tune the selectivity of LaNiO3 (LNO) perovskite catalysts through the substitution of La with K cations. LNO perovskites were synthesised using a simple sol-gel method, which exhibited 100% selectivity towards the methanation of CO2 [...] Read more.
Herein, we demonstrate a method used to tune the selectivity of LaNiO3 (LNO) perovskite catalysts through the substitution of La with K cations. LNO perovskites were synthesised using a simple sol-gel method, which exhibited 100% selectivity towards the methanation of CO2 at all temperatures investigated. La cations were partially replaced by K cations to varying degrees via control of precursor metal concentration during synthesis. It was demonstrated that the reaction selectivity between CO2 methanation and the reverse water gas shift (rWGS) could be tuned depending on the initial amount of K substituted. Tuning the selectivity (i.e., ratio of CH4 and CO products) between these reactions has been shown to be beneficial for downstream hydrocarbon reforming, while valorizing waste CO2. Spectroscopic and temperature-controlled desorption characterizations show that K incorporation on the catalyst surface decrease the stability of C-based intermediates, promoting the desorption of CO formed via the rWGS prior to methanation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greener Catalysis for Environmental Applications)
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