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Applied Sciences
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Microgrids
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Microgrids

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Science and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2019) | Viewed by 18674

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba

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Guest Editor
CITCEA-UPC, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: grid integration of renewable energy generation; wind power; solar power; energy storage systems; HVDC transmission; microgrids; smart grids; big data for electrical systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Andreas Sumper

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CITCEA-UPC, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electrical engineering; energy efficiency; power grid; renewable energy; smart grid; digital energy; artificial intelligence; electric cars charging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electrical power system is evolving at the generation, transmission and distribution levels. At the distribution level, small generating and storage units—the so-called Distributed Energy Sources (DER)—are being installed close to consumption sites. The expansion of DER is empowering renewable energy source integration and, as a consequence, new actors are appearing in the electrical system. Among these new actors, a game-changing one is the prosumer, fruit of the behavior transformation of the consumer, who has, not only the ability to consume power, but also to produce it.

Microgrids can be understood as those DER installations that have the capability to operate grid-connected and grid-isolated. During the last few decades, there has been a significant deployment of microgrids (e.g., in countries like the United States, Switzerland and Denmark) and a consequent increase in renewable energy generation. This is contributing to the decarbonization of the electrical power system. However, due to the variability and intermittency of renewable sources, it is also leading to larger uncertainty in power systems, which implies a more complex operation and control.

Taking into account that existing and future planned microgrids are being/going to be interconnected to the current electrical network, challenges in terms of design, operation and control at power system level need to be addressed, considering existing regulations. We invite you to contribute to this Special Issue, which includes (but is not limited to) the following topics: Design, operation and control of hybrid AC/DC microgrids, optimal sizing of microgrids, optimal operation of microgrids, coordinated protection in microgrids and blockchain applications in microgrids.


Lecturer Dr. Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba
Prof. Dr. Andreas Sumper
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microgrids
  • distributed energy resources
  • energy storage systems
  • AC/DC
  • prosumer
  • blockchain

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 172 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Microgrids
by Mònica Aragüés Peñalba and Andreas Sumper
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(21), 4710; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9214710 - 05 Nov 2019
Viewed by 1603
Abstract
Integration of renewable energy sources in the electrical power system is key for enabling the decarbonization of that system [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 4248 KiB  
Article
Optimal Non-Integer Sliding Mode Control for Frequency Regulation in Stand-Alone Modern Power Grids
by Zahra Esfahani, Majid Roohi, Meysam Gheisarnejad, Tomislav Dragičević and Mohammad-Hassan Khooban
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(16), 3411; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163411 - 19 Aug 2019
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3146
Abstract
In this paper, the concept of fractional calculus (FC) is introduced into the sliding mode control (SMC), named fractional order SMC (FOSMC), for the load frequency control (LFC) of an islanded microgrid (MG). The studied MG is constructed from different autonomous generation components [...] Read more.
In this paper, the concept of fractional calculus (FC) is introduced into the sliding mode control (SMC), named fractional order SMC (FOSMC), for the load frequency control (LFC) of an islanded microgrid (MG). The studied MG is constructed from different autonomous generation components such as diesel engines, renewable sources, and storage devices, which are optimally planned to benefit customers. The coefficients embedded in the FOSMC structure play a vital role in the quality of controller commands, so there is a need for a powerful heuristic methodology in the LFC study to adjust the design coefficients in such a way that better transient output may be achieved for resistance to renewable sources fluctuations. Accordingly, the Sine Cosine algorithm (SCA) is effectively combined with the harmony search (HS) for the optimal setting of the controller coefficients. The Lyapunov function based on the FOSMC is formulated to guarantee the stability of the LFC mechanism for the test MG. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are carried out to ensure that the suggested controller can suppress the frequency fluctuations effectively, and that it provides more robust MG responses in comparison with the prior art techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids)
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17 pages, 4006 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Optimization Method for Energy Scheduling of Multiple Microgrids
by Tao Rui, Guoli Li, Qunjing Wang, Cungang Hu, Weixiang Shen and Bin Xu
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(4), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040624 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
This paper proposes a hierarchical optimization method for the energy scheduling of multiple microgrids (MMGs) in the distribution network of power grids. An energy market operator (EMO) is constructed to regulate energy storage systems (ESSs) and load demands in MMGs. The optimization process [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a hierarchical optimization method for the energy scheduling of multiple microgrids (MMGs) in the distribution network of power grids. An energy market operator (EMO) is constructed to regulate energy storage systems (ESSs) and load demands in MMGs. The optimization process is divided into two stages. In the first stage, each MG optimizes the scheduling of its own ESS within a rolling horizon control framework based on a long-term forecast of the local photovoltaic (PV) output, the local load demand and the price sent by the EMO. In the second stage, the EMO establishes an internal price incentive mechanism to maximize its own profits based on the load demand of each MG. The optimization problems in these two stages are solved using mixed integer programming (MIP) and Stackelberg game theory, respectively. Simulation results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of the promotion of energy trading and improvement of economic benefits of MMGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids)
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18 pages, 2579 KiB  
Article
Optimal Operation of Isolated Microgrids Considering Frequency Constraints
by Josep-Andreu Vidal-Clos, Eduard Bullich-Massagué, Mònica Aragüés-Peñalba, Guillem Vinyals-Canal, Cristian Chillón-Antón, Eduardo Prieto-Araujo, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt and Samuel Galceran-Arellano
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020223 - 09 Jan 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3109
Abstract
Isolated microgrids must be able to perform autonomous operation without external grid support. This leads to a challenge when non-dispatchable generators are installed because power imbalances can produce frequency excursions compromising the system operation. This paper addresses the optimal operation of PV–battery–diesel-based microgrids [...] Read more.
Isolated microgrids must be able to perform autonomous operation without external grid support. This leads to a challenge when non-dispatchable generators are installed because power imbalances can produce frequency excursions compromising the system operation. This paper addresses the optimal operation of PV–battery–diesel-based microgrids taking into account the frequency constraints. Particularly, a new stochastic optimization method to maximize the PV generation while ensuring the grid frequency limits is proposed. The optimization problem was formulated including a minimum frequency constraint, which was obtained from a dynamic study considering maximum load and photovoltaic power variations. Once the optimization problem was formulated, three complete days were simulated to verify the proper behavior. Finally, the system was validated in a laboratory-scaled microgrid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids)
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21 pages, 2627 KiB  
Article
Research on Operation–Planning Double-Layer Optimization Design Method for Multi-Energy Microgrid Considering Reliability
by Shaoyun Ge, Jifeng Li, Hong Liu, Hao Sun and Yiran Wang
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(11), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8112062 - 25 Oct 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2840
Abstract
A multi-energy microgrid has multiple terminal resources and multiple distributed components for energy production, conversion, and storage. By using this grid, an interconnected network with optimized multiple energy sources can be formed. This type of grid can minimize energy waste while laying the [...] Read more.
A multi-energy microgrid has multiple terminal resources and multiple distributed components for energy production, conversion, and storage. By using this grid, an interconnected network with optimized multiple energy sources can be formed. This type of grid can minimize energy waste while laying the critical foundation for an energy Internet. The multi-energy microgrid must be formed properly to ensure multi-energy coupling and complement. However, critical technologies (e.g., reliability assessment) and configuration planning methods now need further research. In this study, a novel method for the reliability evaluation of a multi-energy supply is proposed, and an operation–planning double-layer optimization design method is investigated that considers reliability. On that basis, the effects of different configuration schemes on economy and reliability are quantitatively analyzed. First, the coupling relationship between multi-energy carriers in a typical multi-energy microgrid is analyzed; subsequently, the energy efficiency and economical models of the key equipment in the grid system are determined. Monte Carlo simulation and the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method are applied to evaluate the reliability with sorted indicators. A double-layer optimization model is built for a multi-energy microgrid with the optimal configuration. The impact of configuration on the reliability and economical performance of the microgrid system is quantitatively analyzed based on actual calculations. The results obtained here are relative to the capacity, configuration, operation, and energy supply reliability of the multi-energy microgrid, and may serve as the feasible guidelines for future integrated energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids)
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22 pages, 3191 KiB  
Article
An Enhancing Fault Current Limitation Hybrid Droop/V-f Control for Grid-Tied Four-Wire Inverters in AC Microgrids
by Daniel Heredero-Peris, Cristian Chillón-Antón, Marc Pagès-Giménez, Daniel Montesinos-Miracle, Mikel Santamaría, David Rivas and Mónica Aguado
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(10), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101725 - 22 Sep 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4013
Abstract
Microgrid integration and fault protection in complex network scenarios is a coming challenge to be faced with new strategies and solutions. In this context of increasing complexity, this paper describes two specific overload control strategies for four-wire inverters integrated in low voltage four-wire [...] Read more.
Microgrid integration and fault protection in complex network scenarios is a coming challenge to be faced with new strategies and solutions. In this context of increasing complexity, this paper describes two specific overload control strategies for four-wire inverters integrated in low voltage four-wire alternating current (AC) microgrids. The control of grid-tied microgrid inverters has been widely studied in the past and mainly focused on the use of droop control, which hugely constrains the time response during grid-disconnected operation. Taking into account the previous knowledge and experience about this subject, the main contribution of these two proposals regards providing fault current limitation in both operation modes, over-load capability skills in grid-connected operation and sinusoidal short-circuit proof in grid-disconnected operation. In the complex operation scenarios mentioned above, a hybrid combination of AC droop control based on dynamic phasors with varying virtual resistance, and voltage/frequency master voltage control for grid-(dis)connected operation modes are adopted as the mechanism to enhance time response. The two proposals described in the present document are validated by means of simulations using Matlab/Simulink and real experimental results obtained from CENER (The National Renewable Energy Centre) experimental ATENEA four-wire AC microgrid, obtaining time responses in the order of two-three grid cycles for all cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids)
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