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Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2024) | Viewed by 7174

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Dr. Sitao Zhu

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Guest Editor

School of Civil and Resources Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: rock dynamics; microseismic monitoring; rockburst and mine earthquake disaster prevention
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

When a mine enters into deep mining, under the influence of deep complex stratum conditions, high geostress, high permeability, strong engineering disturbance and other complex mechanical conditions, mine earthquakes, rock bursts and other dynamic disasters become more and more serious, their occurrence mechanisms and disaster-causing processes become more complex, and monitoring, early warning, prevention and control become more and more difficult.

Therefore, in-depth research on the mechanism, monitoring, early warning and prevention of deep coal and rock dynamic disasters is the basis for ensuring the safe mining of deep coal resources. Based on this, this topic will focus on the latest research results in the mechanism, monitoring, early warning and prevention of rock bursts and mine earthquakes, including relevant laboratory research, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, on-site monitoring and related technologies and equipment.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

(1) The mechanisms of rock bursts and mine earthquakes in deep mining;

(2) Risk prediction and early warning technology of rock bursts and mine earthquakes;

(3) Rock burst and mine earthquake prevention and control technology;

(4) Theory and technology of deep roadway support.

Dr. Sitao Zhu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

deep mining
rock burst
mine earthquake
monitoring and early warning
microseismic monitoring
hazard prevention and control

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 9451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism and Prevention of Main Roadway Roof Shock in Strong-Bump Coal Seam with Asymmetric Goaf

by Weiwei Zhao, Anye Cao, Ning Zhang, Guowei Lv, Geng Li, Yujie Peng and Qianyue Gu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2264; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062264 - 7 Mar 2024

Viewed by 533

Abstract

In response to the increasingly severe situation of main roadway shock in coal seams, with a focus on the strong-bump coal seam in main roadways under an asymmetric goaf in a certain mine, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering practices were employed. This study investigated factors influencing main roadway roof shock damage, changes in roof stress, and characteristics of overlying strata movement. This research unveiled the mechanism and prevention of roof shock in main roadways of strong-bump coal seams in an asymmetric goaf. The research results indicate that the influencing factors of main roadway roof shock damage can be divided into two categories: “strata-support” structure strength and surrounding rock stress. For the determination of the “strata-support” structure, in the case of strong bumps in coal seam roadways influenced by the asymmetric goaf, the key factors contributing to shock damage are the side abutment pressure on the coal pillar in the goaf and the activity level of the roof strata. The distribution of roof stress in the main roadway undergoes continuous changes as district faces are sequentially mined. When the goaf area on the west side gradually increases towards the south, the roof stress in the main roadway consistently rises, and the stress increment follows a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease. The strata structure of the main roadway roof gradually transforms from an “asymmetric T” shape to a “symmetric T” shape in the transverse profile, and with the evolution of the roof rock layer structure, the mutual feedback effect of strata activity on both sides of the roadway gradually strengthens. Affected by the asymmetric goaf, the main roadway in the district undergoes three different stages: one side of subcritical mining influence → both sides of subcritical mining influence → one side of subcritical mining and one side of critical mining influence. In addition, comprehensively considering the impact of various factors in different stages, the theoretical criteria for roof shock failure in the main roadway are determined. The formulation of an optimized position for the main roadway and a scheme for depressurization through deep-hole blasting in the roof reduce the stress level in the surrounding rock of the main roadway, effectively preventing the occurrence of roof shock in the asymmetric goaf of the coal seam main roadway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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20 pages, 5772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Energy Release Law of Overburden Rock Breaking and Anti-Rockburst Technology in the Knife Handle Working Face of a Gently Inclined Coal Seam

by Feng Cui, Jingxuan Sun, Xingping Lai, Chong Jia and Suilin Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11809; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111809 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972

Abstract

This study aims at the problems of the difficulty in controlling the stability of the surrounding rock and the high-impact danger of knife handle-type working face mining. We take the I010206 working face of Kuangou Coal Mine in Xinjiang as the engineering background, establish the mechanical model of roof periodic fracture and the FLAC^3D numerical model of a working face, and analyze the evolution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress and energy when the working face is widened, revealing the mechanism of induced impact caused by overburden fracture in the working face, putting forward the technology of hydraulic fracturing to relieve the danger in the roof area, and comparing the pressure relief effect. The research results show the following: (1) After the working face is widened, the overlying strata load is transferred to the coal seam in front of the working face and the upper and lower sides of the working face. after mining; the abutment pressure of the I010408 working face in the B4-1 coal seam is superimposed with the abutment pressure of the I010206 working face in the B2 coal seam, the stress concentration is higher, and the lateral support pressure of the goaf forms a high static load. The large-area roof caving forms a high dynamic load. All of them are more likely to induce rockburst. (2) In knife handle-type working face mining, the peak value of the advanced abutment pressure in working faces first decreases and then increases, and the advanced abutment pressure increases from 10.31 MPa to 14.62 MPa; the peak value and concentration degree of strain energy density increase with the increase in working face width. (3) Measures were proposed to weaken the hydraulic fracturing roof in advance. After using hydraulic fracturing technology, the pressure step distance of the working surface roof was reduced, and the microseismic energy frequency was significantly reduced. These measures reduced the impact risk of the working face and ensured the safe mining of the working face. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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16 pages, 3110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation Method for Rock Burst Hazards in Strip Filling of Working Faces in Deep Coal Mines

by Yang Chen, Xikui Sun, Xiufeng Zhang, Peng Gu, Guoying Li, Shenglong Yang, Deyuan Fan, Chuancheng Liu and Xuesheng Liu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10452; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810452 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 567

Abstract

The impact risk evaluation for the strip filling of working faces has always been a research hotspot and a difficulty in the field of rock bursts. In this paper, the concept of the critical filling rate is first proposed, and the criterion for identifying the impact risk of the strip filling of a working face is established. Then, the membership function of coal body stress and the coal seam elastic energy index to impact risk was established, and the classification index of the impact risk grade was formed. On this basis, the overall and local evaluation method of the rock burst hazard for the strip filling of working faces was proposed. Finally, the C8301 working face of the Yunhe coal mine was taken as the engineering background, and the impact risk evaluation was carried out. It was found that the overall risk of the C8301 working face was determined as a strong impact risk, and there were six local risk areas, which included two weak impact risk areas, two medium impact risk areas, and two strong impact risk areas. This study can provide guidance and a reference for the impact risk evaluation of strip-filling mining under the same or similar conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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19 pages, 9300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Crack Inclination Angle on the Splitting Failure and Energy Analysis of Fine-Grained Sandstone

by Tao Wang, Weiwei Ye, Liyuan Liu, Aiguo Li, Naisheng Jiang, Le Zhang and Sitao Zhu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137834 - 3 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1067

Abstract

To investigate the impact of crack inclination angle on the tensile strength and characteristics of splitting failure in rock, split tests were conducted on fine-grained sandstone with pre-existing cracks under different crack inclination angle conditions. Acoustic emission and digital image techniques were continuously monitored during the tests. The evolution of absorbed energy during the loading and failure processes was calculated and discussed, aiming to elucidate the interconnections among the maximum absorbed energy, the pre-existing crack inclination angle, the tensile strength, and the acoustic emission energy of the rock, which can provide a reference for the design and construction of tunnels or mines in rock formations with pre-existing cracks. The experimental findings indicate the following: (1) The tensile strength and failure displacement decrease first and then increase with the increase in the pre-existing crack inclination angle, demonstrating an approximate “V”-shaped alteration. (2) The failure modes of specimens with pre-existing cracks can be classified into three types: tensile failure along the center of the disk, tensile failure along the tip of the pre-existing crack, and tensile–shear composite failure along the tip of the pre-existing crack. (3) The crack inclination angle exerts a substantial influence on the evolution curve of energy absorption. The maximum energy absorption of the specimens first increases and then decreases with the increase in the crack inclination angle. Moreover, a corresponding nonlinear relationship is observed between the maximum energy absorption and the tensile strength, as well as the AE energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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22 pages, 9967 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Full Anchor Cable Support Mechanism and Application of Roadway with Thick Soft Rock Mass Immediate Roof

by Yongjie Yang, Lingren Meng and Tianli Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7148; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127148 - 14 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 952

Abstract

The focus of this paper is the thick soft rock mass roof of the track roadway in the No. 3606 panel of the Chaili Coal Mine. Due to its substantial thickness, the soft rock mass roof of the roadway is susceptible to damage and deformation during the mining process. In order to preserve the integrity of the roadway roof, a full anchor cable support scheme is proposed after studying the mechanism of bolt-anchor cable support. The supporting parameters and feasibility of the scheme were determined through support experience and numerical simulation analyses in the field. Moreover, on-site monitoring and data analysis were conducted, revealing that the anchor cables and anchor bolts played a stable role in supporting the roadway. The displacement of the roadway’s roof and floor was minimal, as was the displacement of the two ribs. The overall deformation of the roadway was minor. Practice demonstrated that the full anchor cable support method was effective in supporting the immediate roof of thick soft rock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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26 pages, 10264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism and Empirical Study of Rockburst in the Adjacent Area of a Fully Mechanized Top-Coal Caving Face Based on Microseismic Technology

by Quanjie Zhu, Longkun Sui, Yongming Yin, Jinhai Liu, Zhenhua Ouyang and Dacang Wang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6317; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106317 - 22 May 2023

Viewed by 872

Abstract

Monitoring and providing warnings for coal mine rockburst disasters is a worldwide problem. Several rockburst accidents have occurred in a 1301 belt transport chute near a 1300 fully mechanized caving mine face. To address this issue, an empirical study of the occurrence mechanism of rockbursts in the adjacent area of the fully mechanized top-coal caving face was carried out. This paper mainly addresses the following issues: (1) based on microseismic monitoring technology, the distribution characteristics of the host-rock-supported pressure of the 1300 working face were measured, and the evolution and distribution of the deep-well caving working face host-rock-supported pressure were analyzed. It is revealed that the occurrence mechanism of rockburst in the adjacent area is actually caused by the evolution and superposition of the lateral abutment pressure of the 1300 stope, and the stress of the original rock along the 1301 belt transport down chute; (2) a theoretical calculation model of dynamic and static abutment pressure in longwall stope is built, and an example is tested. The results show that the peak position of lateral abutment pressure of the coal body outside the 1300 goaf is around 63 m, and the peak value of abutment pressure is around 47 MPa; (3) coal body stress monitoring, bolt dynamometer detection, and other means are compared and analyzed. At the same time, with the help of CT geophysical prospecting and drilling cutting measurements, it is concluded that the 1301 belt transport down chute is in the bearing pressure influence zone (superimposed zone), which further verifies the validity of microseismic analysis results and the accuracy of the above theoretical model. Based on this, the early warning system and prevention measures for rockburst based on microseismic monitoring are proposed. The engineering practice shows that the dynamic and static bearing pressure distribution and evolution law of the working face can be dynamically obtained by using microseismic technology, which provides a basis for the accurate prediction and treatment of rockbursts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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22 pages, 11093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Mechanism of Strong Mining Tremors near the Goaf Area of Longwall Mining: A Case Study

by Yao Yang, Anye Cao, Yaoqi Liu, Xianxi Bai, Zhenqian Yan, Songwei Wang and Changbin Wang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095364 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1324

Abstract

Strong mining tremors (SMTs) frequently occur in super-thick strata near the goaf when mining. Since 2021, there have been three consecutive SMTs with magnitude greater than 2.0 in longwall 1208 of the Shilawusu Coal Mine. These SMTs caused mine production to be suspended for more than 290 days and affected over 100 households located on the shaking ground, and seriously threatened the safety of underground workers and restricted production capacity. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the occurrence mechanism of SMTs in super-thick strata goaf mining in order to understand the phenomenon, how the disaster of mining tremors occurs, and the prevention and control of mining tremor disasters. In this study, field observation, numerical analysis, and theoretical calculation were used to study the occurrence mechanism of three SMTs in the Shilawusu Coal Mine. The results show that the super-thick strata fracture induced by the SMTs is generally higher by one to three orders of magnitude in some of the source mechanical parameters compared to other mining tremors, and so is more likely to cause ground shaking. Field observations revealed that before and after the occurrence of SMTs, the maximum surface subsidence suddenly increased by about 0.1 m and showed a “stepped” increase, and the super-thick strata began to experience fractures. The following theoretical mechanics model of super-thick strata was established: at the goaf stage of mining, with the increase in the area of the hanging roof, the super-thick strata will experience initial and periodic fractures, which can easily induce SMTs. The relative moment tensor inversion method was used to calculate the source mechanism of SMTs, which was found to be caused by the tensile rupture resulting from the initial and periodic ruptures of super-thick strata, in addition to the shear rupture generated by the adjustment of unstable strata structures. As the mining continues on the longwall face, there is still a possibility of SMT occurrence. This paper provides some insights into the mechanism and prevention of SMT in underground coal mines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Earthquake and Rock Burst Monitoring, Early Warning and Prevention)

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