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Batteries
Volume 3
Issue 1
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Batteries, Volume 3, Issue 1 (March 2017) – 10 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): A unique core-shell structured Ni(OH)2 combining the high capacity and long life of the α and β phases respectively, was prepared in a continuous stirring tank reactor. The main difference between the core and shell is the Al-content. A very low amount of Al participates in the initial nucleation stage, which creates an Al-poor core. Al enters the crystallite during the later growth stage and forms an Al-rich shell, which promotes the formation of the α/γ phase after activation. View this paper
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2391 KiB  
Article
Second-Life Batteries on a Gas Turbine Power Plant to Provide Area Regulation Services
by Lluc Canals Casals and Beatriz Amante García
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010010 - 17 Mar 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10145
Abstract
Batteries are used in the electricity grid to provide ancillary services. Area regulation seems to provide substantial revenues and profit, but Li-ion batteries are still too expensive to enter widely into this market. On the other hand, electric vehicle (EV) batteries are considered [...] Read more.
Batteries are used in the electricity grid to provide ancillary services. Area regulation seems to provide substantial revenues and profit, but Li-ion batteries are still too expensive to enter widely into this market. On the other hand, electric vehicle (EV) batteries are considered inappropriate for traction purposes when they reach a state of health (SoH) of 80%. The reuse of these batteries offers affordable batteries for second-life stationary applications. This study analyzes two possible scenarios where batteries may give power and energy support to a gas turbine cogeneration power plant, and how long these batteries may last under different loads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium Ion Batteries)
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976 KiB  
Review
Towards an Ultimate Battery Thermal Management System: A Review
by Mohammad Rezwan Khan, Maciej Jozef Swierczynski and Søren Knudsen Kær
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010009 - 16 Mar 2017
Cited by 86 | Viewed by 18734
Abstract
The prevailing standards and scientific literature offer a wide range of options for the construction of a battery thermal management system (BTMS). The design of an innovative yet well-functioning BTMS requires strict supervision, quality audit and continuous improvement of the whole process. It [...] Read more.
The prevailing standards and scientific literature offer a wide range of options for the construction of a battery thermal management system (BTMS). The design of an innovative yet well-functioning BTMS requires strict supervision, quality audit and continuous improvement of the whole process. It must address all the current quality and safety (Q&S) standards. In this review article, an effective battery thermal management is sought considering the existing battery Q&S standards and scientific literature. The article contains a broad overview of the current existing standards and literature on a generic compliant BTMS. The aim is to assist in the design of a novel compatible BTMS. Additionally, the article delivers a set of recommendations to make an effective BTMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium Ion Batteries)
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8387 KiB  
Article
Study on Factors for Accurate Open Circuit Voltage Characterizations in Mn-Type Li-Ion Batteries
by Natthawuth Somakettarin and Tsuyoshi Funaki
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010008 - 12 Mar 2017
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 12002
Abstract
Open circuit voltage (OCV) of lithium batteries has been of interest since the battery management system (BMS) requires an accurate knowledge of the voltage characteristics of any Li-ion batteries. This article presents an OCV characteristic for lithium manganese oxide (LMO) batteries [...] Read more.
Open circuit voltage (OCV) of lithium batteries has been of interest since the battery management system (BMS) requires an accurate knowledge of the voltage characteristics of any Li-ion batteries. This article presents an OCV characteristic for lithium manganese oxide (LMO) batteries under several experimental operating conditions, and discusses factors for accurate OCV determination. A test system is developed for OCV characterization based on the OCV pulse test method. Various factors for the OCV behavior, such as resting period, step-size of the pulse test, testing current amplitude, hysteresis phenomena, and terminal voltage relationship, are investigated and evaluated. To this end, a general OCV model based on state of charge (SOC) tracking is developed and validated with satisfactory results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium Ion Batteries)
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662 KiB  
Article
Low Voltage Charge/Discharge Behavior of Manganese Hexacyanoferrate
by Takayuki Shibata, Masamitsu Takachi and Yutaka Moritomo
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010007 - 10 Mar 2017
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7971
Abstract
Recently, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have been reported to exhibit a low voltage charge/discharge behavior with high capacity (300–545 mAh/g) in lithium-ion secondary batteries (LIBs) [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Properties of Sodium-Ion Battery Materials)
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6010 KiB  
Article
Fabrications of High-Capacity Alpha-Ni(OH)2
by Kwo-Hsiung Young, Lixin Wang, Shuli Yan, Xingqun Liao, Tiejun Meng, Haoting Shen and William C. Mays
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010006 - 08 Mar 2017
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 15915
Abstract
Three different methods were used to produce α-Ni(OH)2 with higher discharge capacities than the conventional β-Ni(OH)2, specifically a batch process of co-precipitation, a continuous process of co-precipitation with a phase transformation step (initial cycling), and an overcharge at low temperature. [...] Read more.
Three different methods were used to produce α-Ni(OH)2 with higher discharge capacities than the conventional β-Ni(OH)2, specifically a batch process of co-precipitation, a continuous process of co-precipitation with a phase transformation step (initial cycling), and an overcharge at low temperature. All three methods can produce α-Ni(OH)2 or α/β mixed-Ni(OH)2 with capacities higher than that of conventional β-Ni(OH)2 and a stable cycle performance. The second method produces a special core–shell β-Ni(OH)2/α-Ni(OH)2 structure with an excellent cycle stability in the flooded half-cell configuration, is innovative and also already mass-production ready. The core–shell structure has been investigated by both scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The shell portion of the particle is composed of α-Ni(OH)2 nano-crystals embedded in a β-Ni(OH)2 matrix, which helps to reduce the stress originating from the lattice expansion in the β-α transformation. A review on the research regarding α-Ni(OH)2 is also included in the paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries 2017)
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550 KiB  
Article
Domain Size of Phase-Separated NaxCoO2 as Investigated by X-Ray Microdiffraction
by Hideharu Niwa, Takayuki Shibata, Yasuhiko Imai, Shigeru Kimura and Yutaka Moritomo
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010005 - 02 Mar 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 7978
Abstract
O3-NaCoO 2 is a promising cathode material for sodium ion secondary batteries (SIBs). Na x CoO 2 shows phase separation (PS) into the O3 and O ′ 3 phases in the Na concentration range of 0.89 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.99. In order to [...] Read more.
O3-NaCoO 2 is a promising cathode material for sodium ion secondary batteries (SIBs). Na x CoO 2 shows phase separation (PS) into the O3 and O ′ 3 phases in the Na concentration range of 0.89 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.99. In order to estimate the domain size (r) in the two-phase region, we performed X-ray microdiffraction (XRMD) of thin films of Na x CoO 2 at x = 0.97 and ∼1. We found that r (≈400 nm) of the O ′ 3 domain is comparable to the particle size d (=331 ± 87 nm) in the as-grown O3-NaCoO 2 film. This observation suggests that individual particles of Na x CoO 2 are single phase to minimize the strain at the O3–O ′ 3 phase boundary. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Properties of Sodium-Ion Battery Materials)
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1804 KiB  
Article
Ionic Liquid-Based Non-Aqueous Electrolytes for Nickel/Metal Hydride Batteries
by Tiejun Meng, Kwo-Hsiung Young, Diana F. Wong and Jean Nei
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010004 - 06 Feb 2017
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 11832
Abstract
The voltage of an alkaline electrolyte-based battery is often limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of water (1.23 V). As an alternative to water, ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolyte has been shown to exhibit excellent proton conducting properties and a wide electrochemical stability [...] Read more.
The voltage of an alkaline electrolyte-based battery is often limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of water (1.23 V). As an alternative to water, ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolyte has been shown to exhibit excellent proton conducting properties and a wide electrochemical stability window, and can be used in proton conducting batteries. In this study, we used IL/acid mixtures to replace the 30 wt % KOH aqueous electrolyte in nickel/metal hydride (Ni/MH) batteries, and verified the proton conducting character of these mixtures through electrochemical charge/discharge experiments. Dilution of ILs with acetic acid was found to effectively increase proton conductivity. By using 2 M acetic acid in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, stable charge/discharge characteristics were obtained, including low charge/discharge overpotentials, a discharge voltage plateau at ~1.2 V, a specific capacity of 161.9 mAh·g−1, and a stable cycling performance for an AB5 metal hydride anode with a (Ni,Co,Zn)(OH)2 cathode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries 2017)
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1412 KiB  
Article
Test Method for Thermal Characterization of Li-Ion Cells and Verification of Cooling Concepts
by Rouven Christen, Gerhard Rizzo, Alfred Gadola and Max Stöck
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010003 - 26 Jan 2017
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 16738
Abstract
Temperature gradients, thermal cycling and temperatures outside the optimal operation range can have a significant influence on the reliability and lifetime of Li-ion battery cells. Therefore, it is essential for the developer of large-scale battery systems to know the thermal characteristics, such as [...] Read more.
Temperature gradients, thermal cycling and temperatures outside the optimal operation range can have a significant influence on the reliability and lifetime of Li-ion battery cells. Therefore, it is essential for the developer of large-scale battery systems to know the thermal characteristics, such as heat source location, heat capacity and thermal conductivity, of a single cell in order to design appropriate cooling measures. This paper describes an advanced test facility, which allows not only an estimation of the thermal properties of a battery cell, but also the verification of proposed cooling strategies in operation. To do this, an active measuring unit consisting of a temperature and heat flux density sensor and a Peltier element was developed. These temperature/heat flux sensing (THFS) units are uniformly arranged around a battery cell with a spatial resolution of 25 mm. Consequently, the temperature or heat flux density can be controlled individually, thus forming regions with constant temperature (cooling) or zero heat flux (insulation). This test setup covers the whole development loop from thermal characterization to the design and verification of the proposed cooling strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal and Safety Properties of Materials, Cells and Batteries)
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142 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Batteries in 2016
by Batteries Editorial Office
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010002 - 17 Jan 2017
Viewed by 6249
Abstract
The editors of Batteries would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2016. [...]
Full article
4589 KiB  
Article
Overcurrent Abuse of Primary Prismatic Zinc–Air Battery Cells Studying Air Supply Effects on Performance and Safety Shut-Down
by Fredrik Larsson, Antti Rytinki, Istaq Ahmed, Ingvar Albinsson and Bengt-Erik Mellander
Batteries 2017, 3(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010001 - 03 Jan 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12250
Abstract
Overcurrent abuse has been performed on commercial 48 Ah primary prismatic zinc (Zn)–Air battery cells with full air supply as well as with shut-off air supply. Compared to other battery technologies, e.g., lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries offer the possibility to physically stop the [...] Read more.
Overcurrent abuse has been performed on commercial 48 Ah primary prismatic zinc (Zn)–Air battery cells with full air supply as well as with shut-off air supply. Compared to other battery technologies, e.g., lithium-ion batteries, metal–air batteries offer the possibility to physically stop the battery operation by stopping its air supply, thus offering an additional protection against severe battery damage in the case of, e.g., an accidental short circuit. This method may also reduce the electrical hazard in a larger battery system since, by stopping the air supply, the voltage can be brought to zero while maintaining the energy capacity of the battery. Measurements of overdischarge currents and current cut-off by suffocation have been performed to assess the safety of this type of Zn–air battery. The time to get to zero battery voltage is shown to mainly be determined by the volume of air trapped in the cell. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Safety)
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