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Viruses
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Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses
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Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses

A special issue of Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Viruses".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2022) | Viewed by 18199

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Kiril M. Dimitrov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A and M University System, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Interests: viruses; vaccines; next-generation sequencing; assay development; veterinary diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global poultry industry accounts for the production of over 115 million metric tons of meat and eggs.  Due to the growing world population and increased protein consumption demand, it is projected that poultry production will increase by 25% during the next decade.  In many developing countries, poultry is the main source of protein and income in rural areas. Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), poses a serious threat to poultry and is one of the most economically important poultry diseases worldwide. Despite intensive efforts with current vaccination programs, this disease still occurs globally, causing significant mortality even in vaccinated flocks. Newcastle disease is ranked as the 3rd most significant poultry disease by the World Bank. Other avian paramyxovirus infections also have significance to poultry and have been reported in chickens and turkeys in association with respiratory disease or decreases in egg production.  Avian paramyxoviruses have been reported from more than 300 avian species and the role of wild birds in the ecology and transmission of these viruses is still unclear.

Given this background, this Special Issue of Viruses aims to highlight recent advances in Newcastle disease virus and other avian paramyxoviruses research in all species. The issue welcomes research articles, reviews, and short communications on topics including, but not limited to, pathogen characterization, pathogenesis, detection and identification methods, pathogen-host interaction, gene and genome analyses, evolutionary, phylogenetic and time-scaled analyses.

Dr. Kiril M. Dimitrov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Viruses is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • newcastle disease virus
  • avian orthoavulavirus
  • avian avulavirus
  • avian paramyxovirus

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

17 pages, 1974 KiB  
Article
Discovery of Avian Paramyxoviruses APMV-1 and APMV-6 in Shorebirds and Waterfowl in Southern Ukraine
by Amy C. Klink, Oleksandr Rula, Mykola Sushko, Maksym Bezymennyi, Oleksandr Mezinov, Oleksandr Gaidash, Xiao Bai, Anton Stegniy, Maryna Sapachova, Roman Datsenko, Sergiy Skorokhod, Vitalii Nedosekov, Nichola J. Hill, Levan Ninua, Ganna Kovalenko, Anne Lise Ducluzeau, Andriy Mezhenskyi, Jeremy Buttler, Devin M. Drown, Douglas Causey, Borys Stegniy, Anton Gerilovych, Eric Bortz and Denys Muzykaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Viruses 2023, 15(3), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030699 - 8 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2259
Abstract
Emerging RNA virus infections are a growing concern among domestic poultry industries due to the severe impact they can have on flock health and economic livelihoods. Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV; avulaviruses, AaV) are pathogenic, negative-sense RNA viruses that cause serious infections in the respiratory [...] Read more.
Emerging RNA virus infections are a growing concern among domestic poultry industries due to the severe impact they can have on flock health and economic livelihoods. Avian paramyxoviruses (APMV; avulaviruses, AaV) are pathogenic, negative-sense RNA viruses that cause serious infections in the respiratory and central nervous systems. APMV was detected in multiple avian species during the 2017 wild bird migration season in Ukraine and studied using PCR, virus isolation, and sequencing. Of 4090 wild bird samples collected, mostly from southern Ukraine, eleven isolates were grown in ovo and identified for APMV serotype by hemagglutinin inhibition test as: APMV-1, APMV-4, APMV-6, and APMV-7. To build One Health’s capacity to characterize APMV virulence and analyze the potential risks of spillover to immunologically naïve populations, we sequenced virus genomes in veterinary research labs in Ukraine using a nanopore (MinION) platform. RNA was extracted and amplified using a multiplex tiling primer approach to specifically capture full-length APMV-1 (n = 5) and APMV-6 (n = 2) genomes at high read depth. All APMV-1 and APMV-6 fusion (F) proteins possessed a monobasic cleavage site, suggesting these APMVs were likely low virulence, annually circulating strains. Utilization of this low-cost method will identify gaps in viral evolution and circulation in this understudied but important critical region for Eurasia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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18 pages, 4152 KiB  
Article
The First Report of a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus of Genotype VII.2 Causing Outbreaks in Chickens in Bangladesh
by Mohammed Nooruzzaman, Ismail Hossain, Jahan Ara Begum, Moktader Moula, Shamsul Arefin Khaled, Rokshana Parvin, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Diego G. Diel and Kiril M. Dimitrov
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2627; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122627 - 25 Nov 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2858
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in poultry in Bangladesh. We performed genotypic and pathotypic characterization of four ND virus (NDV) isolates from recent outbreaks in broiler chickens in Bangladesh during the period of 2020–2021. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete fusion protein gene [...] Read more.
Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in poultry in Bangladesh. We performed genotypic and pathotypic characterization of four ND virus (NDV) isolates from recent outbreaks in broiler chickens in Bangladesh during the period of 2020–2021. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete fusion protein gene coding sequences classified the viruses into NDV class II genotype VII.2 together with viruses from Indonesia isolated between 2014 and 2021 and a single 2020 Indian isolate. Pathogenicity testing using the intracerebral pathogenicity index in day-old chickens and mean embryo death time in embryonating chicken eggs revealed that the Bangladeshi isolates are velogenic. Inoculation of 35-day-old chickens with two NDV isolates (LT67 and N5) resulted in 100% morbidity by 3 days post inoculation (DPI), and all birds succumbed to infection by 7 DPI. Massive hemorrhages, congestion and necrotic lesions were observed in different visceral organs, which were typical for infection with a velogenic viscerotropic pathotype of NDV. At microscopic examination, tracheitis, severe pneumonia, focal proventriculitis, transmural enteritis, focal myocarditis, severe congestion and necrosis in kidneys, and lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues were found. Our study reports the first outbreak of the panzootic genotype VII.2 NDV in poultry in Bangladesh and documents a possible recent re-introduction of this NDV genotype from Southeast or East Asia. This study further provides viral distribution and epidemiological data that can facilitate the effective control of NDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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13 pages, 1746 KiB  
Article
Thermostability and Immunogenicity of Genotype II Avian Orthoavulavirus (AOaV-1) Isolates from Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and Parrot (Eclectusroratus)
by Sangeeta Das, Pankaj Deka, Parikshit Kakati, Pubaleem Deka, Mrinal Kumar Nath, Aman Kumar, Arfan Ali, Mihir Sarma, Rofique Ahmed, Sophia M. Gogoi, Arijit Shome, Biswajyoti Borah, Nagendra Nath Barman and Dilip Kumar Sarma
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2528; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112528 - 15 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry causing significant economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is considered the most reliable approach to curb the economic menace that is ND, but the thermolabile nature of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination poses a [...] Read more.
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry causing significant economic losses worldwide. Vaccination is considered the most reliable approach to curb the economic menace that is ND, but the thermolabile nature of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination poses a significant threat to its protective efficacy. This study aimed to profile the thermostability of NDV isolates from duck (As/Km/19/44) and parrot (As/WB/19/91) and evaluate their immunogenic potential in chicks. Fusion protein cleavage site (FPCS) and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the lentogenic nature of both the isolates/strains and classified them as class II genotype II NDV. The characterized NDV isolates were adapted in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks by serially passaging. Biological pathogenicity assessment of chicken-adapted As/Km/19/44 (PSD44C) and As/WB/19/91 (PSP91C) revealed both the isolates to be avirulent with a mean death time (MDT) of more than 90 h and an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) ranging from 0.2 to 0.4. Both of the NDV isolates displayed varied thermostability profiles. PSD44C was the most thermostable strain as compared to PSP91C and the commercially available LaSota vaccine strain. The immunogenicity of PSD44C and LaSota was significantly higher than PSP91C. Based on these results, it is concluded that NDV isolate PSD44C is more thermostable and immunogenic when administered intraocularly without any adverse effects. Therefore, PSD44C is suitable for further research and vaccine development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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17 pages, 7788 KiB  
Article
Biological Significance of Dual Mutations A494D and E495K of the Genotype III Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase In Vitro and In Vivo
by Xiaolong Lu, Tiansong Zhan, Kaituo Liu, Yu Chen, Zenglei Hu, Jiao Hu, Min Gu, Shunlin Hu, Xiaoquan Wang, Xiaowen Liu and Xiufan Liu
Viruses 2022, 14(11), 2338; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14112338 - 25 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1233
Abstract
As a multifunctional protein, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is involved in various biological functions. A velogenic genotype III NDV JS/7/05/Ch evolving from the mesogenic vaccine strain Mukteswar showed major amino acid (aa) mutations in the HN protein. However, [...] Read more.
As a multifunctional protein, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is involved in various biological functions. A velogenic genotype III NDV JS/7/05/Ch evolving from the mesogenic vaccine strain Mukteswar showed major amino acid (aa) mutations in the HN protein. However, the precise biological significance of the mutant HN protein remains unclear. This study sought to investigate the effects of the mutant HN protein on biological activities in vitro and in vivo. The mutant HN protein (JS/7/05/Ch-type HN) significantly enhanced the hemadsorption (HAd) and fusion promotion activities but impaired the neuraminidase (NA) activity compared with the original HN protein (Mukteswar-type HN). Notably, A494D and E495K in HN exhibited a synergistic role in regulating biological activities. Moreover, the mutant HN protein, especially A494D and E495K in HN, enhanced the F protein cleavage level, which can contribute to the activation of the F protein. In vitro infection assays further showed that NDVs bearing A494D and E495K in HN markedly impaired the cell viability. Simultaneously, A494D and E495K in HN enhanced virus replication levels at the early stage of infection but weakened later in infection, which might be associated with the attenuated NA activity and cell viability. Furthermore, the animal experiments showed that A494D and E495K in HN enhanced case fatality rates, virus shedding, virus circulation, and histopathological damages in NDV-infected chickens. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of crucial aa mutations in HN in regulating biological activities of NDV and expand the understanding of the enhanced pathogenicity of the genotype III NDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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10 pages, 1857 KiB  
Article
Outreach Efforts to Prevent Newcastle Disease Outbreaks in Southern California
by Alejandra Figueroa, Esteban Escobedo, Marco Solis, Charlene Rivera, Ann Ikelman and Rodrigo A. Gallardo
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071509 - 9 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1794
Abstract
In May 2018, an outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease (vND) affected backyard and commercial premises in Southern California. The re-occurrence of these outbreaks since the 1970s suggests that some poultry communities may not have reliable and stable resources available regarding biosecurity and disease [...] Read more.
In May 2018, an outbreak of virulent Newcastle disease (vND) affected backyard and commercial premises in Southern California. The re-occurrence of these outbreaks since the 1970s suggests that some poultry communities may not have reliable and stable resources available regarding biosecurity and disease prevention. Therefore, staff at the University of California, Davis (UCD) School of Veterinary Medicine (SVM), and the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) began organizing educational events and learning more about the gamefowl breeder community through a needs assessment exercise, during which local feedstores and neighborhoods were also visited. Focus groups were organized with breeders in various cities within the regional quarantine area, established by the CDFA during the vND outbreak. The focus groups were aimed at creating open communication networks with gamefowl breeders in the affected area, as well as to learn about their current sources of information, learning preferences, and current management practices. With the input from gamefowl breeders, as well as funding and input from the CDFA and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), a quality assurance program called the “Gamefowl Wellness Program” was established. Educational content was created and published through the UCD Gamefowl Wellness Program poultry health website. Additionally, with the help of the CDFA, the USDA, and pharmaceutical companies, Newcastle disease vaccines and training for their application were provided to feedstores with gamefowl breeder clientele. Nurturing trust with these poultry communities allowed us to receive the information needed to develop effective outreach strategies that could better serve them. Responding to community concerns might be a way to garner the trust necessary to prevent or at least promptly detect foreign animal disease outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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Review

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22 pages, 925 KiB  
Review
Development and Scalable Production of Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Vaccines for Human and Veterinary Use
by Julia P. C. Fulber and Amine A. Kamen
Viruses 2022, 14(5), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14050975 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3503
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for efficient vaccine platforms that can rapidly be developed and manufactured on a large scale to immunize the population against emerging viruses. Viral-vectored vaccines are prominent vaccine platforms that have been approved for use against the [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for efficient vaccine platforms that can rapidly be developed and manufactured on a large scale to immunize the population against emerging viruses. Viral-vectored vaccines are prominent vaccine platforms that have been approved for use against the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2. The Newcastle Disease Virus is a promising viral vector, as an avian paramyxovirus that infects poultry but is safe for use in humans and other animals. NDV has been extensively studied not only as an oncolytic virus but also a vector for human and veterinary vaccines, with currently ongoing clinical trials for use against SARS-CoV-2. However, there is a gap in NDV research when it comes to process development and scalable manufacturing, which are critical for future approved vaccines. In this review, we summarize the advantages of NDV as a viral vector, describe the steps and limitations to generating recombinant NDV constructs, review the advances in human and veterinary vaccine candidates in pre-clinical and clinical tests, and elaborate on production in embryonated chicken eggs and cell culture. Mainly, we discuss the existing data on NDV propagation from a process development perspective and provide prospects for the next steps necessary to potentially achieve large-scale NDV-vectored vaccine manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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Other

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12 pages, 1800 KiB  
Case Report
Identification of a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Strain Isolated from Pigeons (Columbia livia) in Northeastern Brazil Using Next-Generation Genome Sequencing
by Mylena Ribeiro Pereira, Lais Ceschini Machado, Rodrigo Dias de Oliveira Carvalho, Thaise Yasmine Vasconcelos de Lima Cavalcanti, Givaldo Bom da Silva Filho, Telma de Sousa Lima, Silvio Miguel Castillo Fonseca, Francisco de Assis Leite Souza, Gabriel da Luz Wallau, Fábio de Souza Mendonça and Rafael Freitas de Oliveira Franca
Viruses 2022, 14(7), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14071579 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3916
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also known as avian paramyxoviruses 1 (APMV-1) is among the most important viruses infecting avian species. Given its widespread circulation, there is a high risk for the reintroduction of virulent strains into the domestic poultry industry, making the surveillance [...] Read more.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also known as avian paramyxoviruses 1 (APMV-1) is among the most important viruses infecting avian species. Given its widespread circulation, there is a high risk for the reintroduction of virulent strains into the domestic poultry industry, making the surveillance of wild and domestic birds a crucial process to appropriately respond to novel outbreaks. In the present study, we investigated an outbreak characterized by the identification of sick pigeons in a large municipality in Northeastern Brazil in 2018. The affected pigeons presented neurological signs, including motor incoordination, torticollis, and lethargy. Moribund birds were collected, and through a detailed histopathological analysis we identified severe lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with perivascular cuffs and gliosis in the central nervous system, and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation in the liver, kidney, and intestine. A total of five pigeons tested positive for NDV, as assessed by rRT-PCR targeted to the M gene. Laboratory virus isolation on Vero E6 cells confirmed infection, after the recovery of infectious NVD from brain and kidney tissues. We next characterized the isolated NDV/pigeon/PE-Brazil/MP003/2018 by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analysis grouped the virus with other NDV class II isolates from subgenotype VI.2.1.2, including two previous NDV isolates from Brazil in 2014 and 2019. The diversity of aminoacid residues at the fusion F protein cleavage site was analyzed identifying the motif RRQKR↓F, typical of virulent strains. Our results all highlight the importance of virus surveillance in wild and domestic birds, especially given the risk of zoonotic NDV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newcastle Disease Virus and Other Avian Paramyxoviruses)
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