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A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2020) | Viewed by 35240

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Alireza Sadr

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Guest Editor

Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Interests: restorative dental materials; resin composites; adhesives; invasive dentistry; diagnostic modalities; digital; clinical
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dentistry is evolving with the advancement of sensing technologies. Advanced technologies have a range of clinical applications including imaging and sensing tools for the diagnosis and monitoring of health and disease in oral hard and soft tissues as well as digital workflow for treatment planning and fabrication in preventive dentistry, restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, oral surgery, and orthodontics. The recent advances in optical sources and detectors have unique applications for dental research, particularly when it comes to non-destructive testing.

I would like to invite my colleagues from across the world to contribute their expertise, insights, and findings in the form of original research articles and reviews for this Special Issue, entitled “Sensors in Dentistry”. This Special Issue will cover all aspects of clinical and research applications of sensing technologies operating in any region of the electromagnetic spectrum in the field of dentistry. Special attention will be given to 3D and tomographic imaging techniques in the dental field, including but not limited to Optical Coherence Tomography, Micro-Computed Tomography, and Intraoral Scanners. Articles focusing on the development of other cutting-edge sensors and detectors for intraoral use, particularly early detection, are also welcome.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alireza Sadr
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Optical Coherence Tomography
X-Ray Micro-focus Computed Tomography
Cone-beam Computed Tomography
Ultrasonic Imaging
Intraoral Scanners
Fluorescent Imaging
Early Detection
Periodontal Imaging
Near Infrared Imaging
Oral Cancer Diagnosis
Dental Caries Diagnosis
Dental Crack Diagnosis

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rapid Palatal Expansion on Chewing Biomechanics in Children with Malocclusion: A Surface Electromyography Study

by Fabiola Spolaor, Martina Mason, Alberto De Stefani, Giovanni Bruno, Ottavia Surace, Annamaria Guiotto, Antonio Gracco and Zimi Sawacha

Sensors 2020, 20(7), 2086; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072086 - 07 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3349

Abstract

Malocclusion during childhood may affect both morphology and masticatory function and could greatly affect the subsequent growth and development of the jaws and face. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of surface electromyography in describing the effects of the rapid palatal expansion (RPE) on Masseter (M) and Temporalis Anterior (T) muscles’ activity in 53 children with different types of malocclusion: bilateral posterior crossbite (BPcb), underdeveloped maxillary complex without crossbite (NOcb) and unilateral posterior crossbite on the right (UPCBr) and on the left (UPCBl). The muscular activities during chewing tasks were assessed bilaterally before and after RPE application and three months after removal. Both the envelope’s peak (µV) and its occurrence (% of chewing task) were extracted from the surface electromyography signal. Our results showed the presence of statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) on temporomandibular joint muscles, across different assessments, in all the tested populations of subjects. Surface electromyography demonstrated a relationship between the correction of a maxillary transverse discrepancy and the restoration of a muscle’s activation patterns comparable to healthy subjects for both T and M. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosis of Occlusal Caries with Dynamic Slicing of 3D Optical Coherence Tomography Images

by Minh N. Luong, Yasushi Shimada, Kazuyuki Araki, Masahiro Yoshiyama, Junji Tagami and Alireza Sadr

Sensors 2020, 20(6), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20061659 - 17 Mar 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5702

Abstract

Detecting the extent of occlusal caries is a clinically important but challenging task required for treatment decision making. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic power of 3D swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) for evaluation of occlusal caries in comparison with X-ray radiography. Extracted human molars not exhibiting American Dental Association (ADA) criteria advanced caries were mounted in a silicone block and digital dental radiographs were captured from the buccal side. Subsequently, occlusal surfaces were scanned with a prototype Yoshida Dental OCT. Thirteen examiners evaluated the presence and extent of caries on radiographs and dynamically sliced 3D OCT video images, using a 4 level scale—0: intact; 1: enamel demineralization without cavitation; 2: enamel caries with cavitation; 3: dentin caries with or without cavitation. Sensitivity, specificity and area under operating characteristic curves (Az) were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). Reliability analysis showed an excellent agreement among the 13 examiners for both methods. The OCT presented a significantly higher sensitivity and Az value for the detection of caries compared to radiographs (p < 0.05). Radiography showed especially low sensitivity for dentin caries (0–2 versus 3). Dynamic slicing of 3D OCT volumes is a powerful adjunct tool to visual inspection to diagnose the dentin occlusal caries in vitro. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Dentistry)

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9 pages, 2012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of CAD/CAM Digital Impressions with Different Intraoral Scanner Parameters

by Asher Chiu, Yen-Wei Chen, Juri Hayashi and Alireza Sadr

Sensors 2020, 20(4), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041157 - 20 Feb 2020

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 10602

Abstract

The advancement of intraoral scanners has allowed for more efficient workflow in the dental clinical setting. However, limited data exist regarding the accuracy of the digital impressions produced with various scanner settings and scanning approaches. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of digital impressions at the crown preparation margin using different scanning resolutions of a specific intraoral scanner system. An all-ceramic crown preparation of a mandibular first molar was constructed in a typodont, and a scan (n = 3) was created with an industrial-grade laboratory scanner (3Shape D2000) as the control. Digital impressions were obtained with an intraoral scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) under three settings—high resolution (HR), standard resolution (SR), and combined resolution (SHR). Comparative 3D analysis of scans was performed with Geomagic Control X software to measure the discrepancy between intraoral scans and the control scan along the preparation finish line. The scan time and number of images captured per scan were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and Dunnett’s T3 test (α = 0.05). Significant differences were observed for scan time and for number of images captured among scan resolution settings (α < 0.05). The scan time for the SR group was, on average, 34.2 s less than the SHR group and 46.5 s less than the HR group. For discrepancy on the finish line, no significant differences were observed among scanning resolutions (HR: 31.5 ± 5.5 μm, SHR: 33.2 ± 3.7 μm, SR: 33.6 ± 3.1 μm). Significant differences in discrepancy were observed among tooth surfaces, with the distal surface showing the highest discrepancies. In conclusion, the resolution of the intra-oral scanner is primarily defined by the system hardware and optimized for default scans. A software high-resolution mode that obtains more data over a longer time may not necessarily benefit the scan accuracy, while the tooth preparation and surface parameters do affect the accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Dentistry)

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15 pages, 3329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Occlusion Stabilization Splint with Stress-Sensor System for Bruxism Diagnosis and Treatment

by Jinxia Gao, Longjun Liu, Peng Gao, Yihuan Zheng, Wenxuan Hou and Junhui Wang

Sensors 2020, 20(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010089 - 22 Dec 2019

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5633

Abstract

Bruxism is a masticatory muscle activity characterized by high prevalence, widespread complications, and serious consequences but without specific guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment. Although occlusal force-based biofeedback therapy is proven to be safe, effective, and with few side effects in improving bruxism, its mechanism and key technologies remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to research a real-time, quantitative, intelligent, and precise force-based biofeedback detection device based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of bruxism. Stress sensors were integrated and embedded into a resin-based occlusion stabilization splint by using a layering technique (sandwich method). The sensor system mainly consisted of a pressure signal acquisition module, a main control module, and a server terminal. A machine learning algorithm was leveraged for occlusal force data processing and parameter configuration. This study implemented a sensor prototype system from scratch to fully evaluate each component of the intelligent splint. Experiment results showed reasonable parameter metrics for the sensors system and demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed scheme for bruxism treatment. The intelligent occlusion stabilization splint with a stress sensor system is a promising approach to bruxism diagnosis and treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Dentistry)

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15 pages, 3716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Infrared Imaging of Artificial Enamel Caries Lesions with a Scanning Fiber Endoscope

by Robert C. Lee, Yaxuan Zhou, Sara Finkleman, Alireza Sadr and Eric J. Seibel

Sensors 2019, 19(6), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061419 - 22 Mar 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4437

Abstract

Several studies have shown that near-infrared imaging has great potential for the detection of dental caries lesions. A miniature scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) operating at near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths was developed and used in this study to test whether the device could be used to discriminate demineralized enamel from sound enamel. Varying depths of artificial enamel caries lesions were prepared on 20 bovine blocks with smooth enamel surfaces. Samples were imaged with a SFE operating in the reflectance mode at 1310-nm and 1460-nm in both wet and dry conditions. The measurements acquired by the SFE operating at 1460-nm show significant difference between the sound and the demineralized enamel. There was a moderate positive correlation between the SFE measurements and micro-CT measurements, and the NIR SFE was able to detect the presence of demineralization with high sensitivity (0.96) and specificity (0.85). This study demonstrates that the NIR SFE can be used to detect early demineralization from sound enamel. In addition, the NIR SFE can differentiate varying severities of demineralization. With its very small form factor and maneuverability, the NIR SFE should allow clinicians to easily image teeth from multiple viewing angles in real-time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Dentistry)

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9 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Microcomputed Tomography Evaluation of Root Dentin Caries Prevention by Topical Fluorides and Potassium Iodide

by Vernon Zander, Daniel Chan and Alireza Sadr

Sensors 2019, 19(4), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040874 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4099

Abstract

The mineral content of dental hard tissues has traditionally been measured by destructive tests such as transverse microradiography. Microfocus X-ray computed tomography (micro CT) has enabled non-destructive 3D assessment of tooth demineralization. This study compared the preventive effects of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) in comparison with fluoride varnish. SDF has been known to arrest caries but darkens the tooth. KI creates a precipitate with SDF that reduces the discoloration, but its effects on SDF efficacy in terms of preventing demineralization of at-risk root dentin surfaces is unknown. Bovine root dentin blocks were randomly distributed into four groups and subjected to a pretreatment in each group (n = 8); Control: deionized water (DIW); F-Varnish: 5% sodium fluoride varnish: 38% Saforide; SDF+KI: SDF followed by saturated solution of KI in DIW. The treated dentin was subjected to 8 cycles of demineralization (pH 5) for 14 h and remineralization in artificial saliva (pH 7) for 10 h. Specimens were then scanned for 12 min using micro CT at 73 KV and 1012 µA with 8.3 μm resolution. The 3D images were analyzed in Amira software to calculate lesion depth (LD), surface layer mineral density (SL) and mineral loss (ΔZ) for each specimen. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posthoc showed that there was a statistically significant difference between Control and all three other groups for all parameters (P < 0.001), however, there was no statistical difference among F-Varnish, SDF and SDF+KI (P > 0.05). Single application of F-Varnish, SDF and SDF+KI showed comparable preventive effects against root dentin demineralization. Application of KI did not affect anti-demineralization properties of SDF in this study. Micro CT is a quick and effective method for objective and high-resolution characterization of dentin caries lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors in Dentistry)

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