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Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Medical Imaging and Sensing
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Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Medical Imaging and Sensing

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Sensing and Imaging".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2024 | Viewed by 3560

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yifan Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering, University School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3255, New Zealand
Interests: nanobiosensing; nanorobots; medical imaging and sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiong Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
Interests: thermoacoustic tomography; focused microwave hyperthermia; deep-learning and compressive sensing based imaging algorithms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, there has been a significant interest in the development and application of electromagnetic medical imaging and sensing (EMIS) techniques. These technologies offer new opportunities for non-invasive diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment in the field of healthcare. With novel advancements in both hardware systems and imaging/sensing algorithms, EMIS has become a powerful tool for detecting diseases of the human body.

This Special Issue aims to gather original research and review articles that highlight the recent progress, advancements, methodologies, applications, and challenges in the field of EMIS.

Potential topics for submission include, but are not limited to:

  • Electromagnetic tomography for medical imaging;
  • Electromagnetic sensors for physiological monitoring;
  • Electromagnetic-based wearable devices for health monitoring;
  • Microwave imaging techniques for breast cancer detection;
  • Microwave imaging and sensing for cardiovascular diseases;
  • Hybrid imaging techniques combining multiple modalities;
  • Image reconstruction algorithms and signal processing for medical imaging;
  • Electromagnetic-based techniques for disease localization and classification;
  • Electromagnetic-based sensing in personalized medicine;
  • Emerging trends and future directions in EMIS. 

We invite researchers and practitioners from academia, industry, and healthcare sectors to contribute their original research findings and expert reviews to this Special Issue. We believe that this collection of articles will provide valuable insights into the recent progress and potential applications of EMIS.

Prof. Dr. Yifan Chen
Dr. Xiong Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electromagnetic medical imaging and sensing
  • computational electromagnetics
  • electromagnetic tomography
  • radar for remote or noninvasive imaging and sensing
  • biomedical signal processing
  • antennas and sensors
  • wearable and implantable systems

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 4230 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Phased Antenna Array Applied in Focused Microwave Breast Hyperthermia
by Xuanyu Wang, Zijun Xi, Ke Ye, Zheng Gong, Yifan Chen and Xiong Wang
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092682 - 23 Apr 2024
Viewed by 564
Abstract
Focused microwave breast hyperthermia (FMBH) employs a phased antenna array to perform beamforming that can focus microwave energy at targeted breast tumors. Selective heating of the tumor endows the hyperthermia treatment with high accuracy and low side effects. The effect of FMBH is [...] Read more.
Focused microwave breast hyperthermia (FMBH) employs a phased antenna array to perform beamforming that can focus microwave energy at targeted breast tumors. Selective heating of the tumor endows the hyperthermia treatment with high accuracy and low side effects. The effect of FMBH is highly dependent on the applied phased antenna array. This work investigates the effect of polarizations of antenna elements on the microwave-focusing results by simulations. We explore two kinds of antenna arrays with the same number of elements using different digital realistic human breast phantoms. The first array has all the elements’ polarization in the vertical plane of the breast, while the second array has half of the elements’ polarization in the vertical plane and the other half in the transverse plane, i.e., cross polarization. In total, 96 sets of different simulations are performed, and the results show that the second array leads to a better focusing effect in dense breasts than the first array. This work is very meaningful for the potential improvement of the antenna array for FMBH, which is of great significance for the future clinical applications of FMBH. The antenna array with cross polarization can also be applied in microwave imaging and sensing for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Medical Imaging and Sensing)
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19 pages, 17556 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a Specialised Millimetre-Wave Exposure System for Investigating the Radiation Effects of 5G and Future Technologies
by Negin Foroughimehr, Andrew Wood, Ray McKenzie, Ken Karipidis and Ali Yavari
Sensors 2024, 24(5), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24051516 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 592
Abstract
As the fifth-generation (5G) network is introduced in the millimetre-wave (mmWave) spectrum, and the widespread deployment of 5G standalone (SA) is approaching, it becomes essential to establish scientifically grounded exposure limits in the mmWave frequency band. To achieve this, conducting experiments at specific [...] Read more.
As the fifth-generation (5G) network is introduced in the millimetre-wave (mmWave) spectrum, and the widespread deployment of 5G standalone (SA) is approaching, it becomes essential to establish scientifically grounded exposure limits in the mmWave frequency band. To achieve this, conducting experiments at specific frequencies is crucial for obtaining reliable evidence of potential biological impacts. However, there is a literature gap where experimental research either does not utilise the mmWave high band (e.g., the 26 Gigahertz (GHz) band) or most studies mainly rely on computational approaches. Moreover, some experimental studies do not establish reproducible test environment and exposure systems. Addressing these gaps is vital for a comprehensive exploration of the biological implications associated with mmWave exposure. This study was designed to develop and implement a mmWave exposure system operating at 26 GHz. The step-by-step design and development of the system are explained. This specialised system was designed and implemented within an anechoic chamber to minimise external electromagnetic (EM) interference, creating a controlled and reproducible environment for experiments involving high-frequency EM fields. The exposure system features a 1 cm radiation spot size, enabling highly localised exposure for various biological studies. This configuration facilitates numerous dosimetry studies related to mmWave frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Medical Imaging and Sensing)
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15 pages, 1138 KiB  
Article
A Novel Analysis of Super-Resolution for Born-Iterative-Type Algorithms in Microwave Medical Sensing and Imaging
by Yahui Ding, Zheng Gong, Hui Zhang, Yifan Chen, Jun Hu and Yongpin Chen
Sensors 2024, 24(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24010194 - 28 Dec 2023
Viewed by 762
Abstract
Microwave medical sensing and imaging (MMSI) is a highly active research field. In MMSI, electromagnetic inverse scattering (EIS) is a commonly used technique that infers the internal characteristics of the diseased area by measuring the scattered field. It is worth noting that the [...] Read more.
Microwave medical sensing and imaging (MMSI) is a highly active research field. In MMSI, electromagnetic inverse scattering (EIS) is a commonly used technique that infers the internal characteristics of the diseased area by measuring the scattered field. It is worth noting that the image formed by EIS often exhibits the super-resolution phenomenon, which has attracted much research interest over the past decade. A classical perspective is that multiple scattering leads to super-resolution, but this is subject to debate. This paper aims to analyze the super-resolution behavior for Born-iterative-type algorithms for the following three aspects. Firstly, the resolution defined by the traditional Rayleigh criterion can only be applied to point scatterers. It does not suit general scatterers. By using the Sparrow criterion and the generalized spread function, the super-resolution condition can be derived for general scatterers even under the Born approximation (BA) condition. Secondly, an iterative algorithm results in larger coefficients in the high-frequency regime of the optical transfer function compared to non-iterative BA. Due to the anti-apodization effect, the spread function of the iterative method becomes steeper, which leads to a better resolution following the definition of the Sparrow criterion mentioned above. Thirdly, the solution from the previous iteration, as the prior knowledge for the next iteration, will cause changes in the total field, which provides additional information outside the Ewald sphere and thereby gives rise to super-resolution. Comprehensive numerical examples are used to verify these viewpoints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Medical Imaging and Sensing)
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14 pages, 773 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Analysis of Super Resolution in Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering for Microwave Medical Sensing and Imaging
by Yahui Ding, Zheng Gong, Yifan Chen, Jun Hu and Yongpin Chen
Sensors 2023, 23(17), 7404; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23177404 - 25 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Microwave medical sensing and imaging (MMSI) has been a research hotspot in the past years. Imaging algorithms based on electromagnetic inverse scattering (EIS) play a key role in MMSI due to the super-resolution phenomenon. EIS problems generally employ far-field scattered data to reconstruct [...] Read more.
Microwave medical sensing and imaging (MMSI) has been a research hotspot in the past years. Imaging algorithms based on electromagnetic inverse scattering (EIS) play a key role in MMSI due to the super-resolution phenomenon. EIS problems generally employ far-field scattered data to reconstruct images. However, the far-field data do not include information outside the Ewald’s sphere, so theoretically it is impossible to achieve super resolution. The reason for super resolution has not been clarified. The majority of the current research focuses on how nonlinearity affects the super-resolution phenomena in EIS. However, the mechanism of super-resolution in the absence of nonlinearity is routinely ignored. In this research, we address a prevalent yet overlooked problem where the image resolution due to scatterers of extended structures is incorrectly analyzed using the model of point scatterers. Specifically, the classical resolution of EIS is defined by the Rayleigh criterion which is only suitable for point-like scatterers. However, the super-resolution in EIS is often observed for general scatterers like cylinders, squares or Austria shapes. Subsequently, we provide theoretical results for the Born approximation framework in EIS, and employ the Sparrow criteria to quantify the resolution for symmetric objects of extended structures. Furthermore, the modified Sparrow criterion is proposed to calculate the resolution of asymmetric scatterers. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach can better explain the super-resolution phenomenon in EIS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Electromagnetic Medical Imaging and Sensing)
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