The Influence of Religion and Spirituality in Psychotherapy: Research and Applications

A special issue of Religions (ISSN 2077-1444). This special issue belongs to the section "Religions and Health/Psychology/Social Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 26838

Special Issue Editors

Counselor Education Department, Stetson University, DeLand, FL 32723, USA
Interests: spiritual bypass; contemplative practices; spiritual and religious struggle

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Assistant Guest Editor
Counselor Education Department, Stetson University, DeLand, FL 32723, USA
Interests: spirituality; religious extremism/fundamentalism; violence and aggression; intergroup dynamics; followership

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Spirituality and religion have emerged from a contentious history in psychotherapy to become driving forces for health and wellbeing in modern psychological care. Due to an expansive literature attesting the capacity of spirituality and religion to influence mental health as well as create crisis and tension, psychotherapists cannot afford to be illiterate to the contours of their clients’ spiritual and religious lives. Scholars have made significant strides toward psychotherapies that are accommodative to clients’ spiritual strivings and grounded in the principles of evidence-based practice. At the same time, there are important questions that need attention from basic and applied research. Additionally, direction from wise guides is still needed to navigate a host of practical challenges to effectively intervene when a client’s spirituality or religion becomes a focus of psychotherapy. For this reason, the purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together a diverse set of voices from social scientists, psychotherapists, clergy (or designated teachers from within diverse traditions), and religious studies scholars to report empirical findings on the contribution of spirituality and religion to psychotherapy, develop novel or expand existing theoretical contributions, as well as provide practical strategies to effectively explore spirituality and religion in applied settings. I invite original papers that can include experimentally controlled studies, practice-based evidence, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, case studies, theory, and practical “how to’s” for working with spirituality and religion in psychotherapy. Some example topic areas that this Special Issue is specifically prioritizing are the following:

  • The causal mechanisms of spirituality and/or religion in psychotherapy;
  • The distinct role of spirituality and religion as contributors to psychotherapy outcomes;
  • Spiritual and religious competence as a unique factor of psychotherapy competence;
  • Multilevel intervention strategies that focus on enhancing a client’s spirituality in psychotherapy;
  • Providing psychotherapy to religious minorities and emerging spiritual orientations (e.g., spiritual but not religious) as well as unstudied or marginalized populations;
  • Interfacing effectively with allied professionals with a special focus on religious or spiritual leaders, teachers, and sages;
  • The implications of spiritually oriented psychotherapy for religiously unaffiliated clients;
  • Challenges or barriers to addressing spirituality and religion in psychotherapy such as religious transference or non-enthusiastic professional training or practice environments;
  • Addressing spiritually and religion across the lifespan from child clients to older adult clients.

With these strategic priorities in mind, papers included in this Special Issue will make a lasting contribution to the field by navigating the existing horizons and discovering new paths to understanding and incorporating spiritualty and religion as integral components of the psychotherapy process.

Dr. Jesse Fox
Mr. Evan Copello
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a double-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Religions is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • spiritually integrated psychotherapy
  • religion and spirituality in psychotherapy

Published Papers (7 papers)

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16 pages, 509 KiB  
Article
Spiritual Transcendence and Psychological Time Perspective Drive Religious Non-Affiliation More than the Big 5 Personality Domains
by Joseph A. Stewart-Sicking and Ralph L. Piedmont
Religions 2022, 13(5), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13050419 - 5 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2197
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of psychological time perspective and spiritual transcendence as predictors of one’s belief status (e.g., religious believer vs. non-believer). The underlying assumption was that individual differences in engaging with broad existential issues would determine [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of psychological time perspective and spiritual transcendence as predictors of one’s belief status (e.g., religious believer vs. non-believer). The underlying assumption was that individual differences in engaging with broad existential issues would determine whether or not religious belief would be of value. Using a sample of 373 believers and 316 non-believers (411 women and 293 mean, mean age = 35.49), information on spiritual transcendence, Big Five Personality dimensions, and psychological time perspective was collected and the correlational and underlying structural relationships were evaluated. The results indicated that belief status was related to levels of spiritual transcendence (particularly Prayer Fulfillment), time perspective (particularly Present Fatalistic), and both measures of existential orientation, but not personality. SEM analyses indicated that time perspective was the root cause of both subjects’ numinous orientations, which in turn impacted belief status. The theoretical implications of these findings were discussed. Full article
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22 pages, 451 KiB  
Article
Responses to the 2014 Police Shooting of Michael Brown: Cosmology Episodes and Enacted Environments
by Jessica Haas, Kari A. O’Grady, Jesse Fox, Hope Schuermann, Marion E. Toscano and Chun-Shin Taylor
Religions 2022, 13(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13020133 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
This is a consensual multi-dyadic exploration of the diverse perspectives of seven community subgroups’ perceptions of events before, during, and after the 2014 police-involved shooting death of Michael Brown, Jr. in Ferguson, Missouri. Recognizing an enacted environment in the complex history that preceded [...] Read more.
This is a consensual multi-dyadic exploration of the diverse perspectives of seven community subgroups’ perceptions of events before, during, and after the 2014 police-involved shooting death of Michael Brown, Jr. in Ferguson, Missouri. Recognizing an enacted environment in the complex history that preceded the uprising, findings were contextualized and framed through the cosmology episode trauma model. A multicultural and visibly diverse research team conducted 34 interviews with involved citizens (protesters), law enforcement, clergy, politicians, business owners, media personnel, and educators. A culturally diverse cross-analysis team triangulated social perspective through consensus coding and audit. Consensual multi-dyadic method preserved the unique characteristics of each subgroup’s phenomenology, to ensure culturally sensitive and decolonized research methods, enabling an in depth look at the factors necessary for conciliation. Insight into motivational factors, narrative meaning-making, and implications for intervention and treatment are discussed. Full article
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15 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Religious Homogamy Affects the Connections of Personality and Marriage Qualities to Unforgiving Motives: Implications for Couple Therapy
by Annabella Osei-Tutu, Everett L. Worthington, Jr., Zhuo Job Chen, Stacey McElroy-Heltzel, Don E. Davis and Melissa Washington-Nortey
Religions 2021, 12(11), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12110917 - 21 Oct 2021
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Abstract
In Ghana, collectivism holds people together in marital relationships, even if partners are religiously different. Married partners still hurt, betray, or offend each other and might develop avoidance or vengeful (i.e., unforgiving) motives. We investigated whether religious homogamy moderated connections of personality and [...] Read more.
In Ghana, collectivism holds people together in marital relationships, even if partners are religiously different. Married partners still hurt, betray, or offend each other and might develop avoidance or vengeful (i.e., unforgiving) motives. We investigated whether religious homogamy moderated connections of personality and marriage variables to unforgiving motives. Heterosexual married couples (N = 176 heterosexual married couples; N = 352 individuals; mean marriage duration 10.89 years) participated. Most identified as Christian (83.5% males; 82.3% females) or Muslim (11.9% males; 14.3% females). Couple religious homogamy was related directly to lower unforgiving motives. Religious homogamy did not moderate the connection between some personality variables (i.e., agreeableness and trait forgivingness) and unforgiving motives. Religiously unmatched couples tended to have greater unforgiveness at higher levels of neuroticism and lower forbearing, marital satisfaction, and marital commitment relative to religiously matched couples. One implication is that couple therapists need to assess partner neuroticism, marriage climate (i.e., satisfaction and commitment), and the general tendency to forbear when offended. Those can combine to produce unforgiving relationships, which might make progress in couple therapy improbable. Full article
15 pages, 322 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Spiritual Transcendence on a Centering Meditation: A Growth Curve Analysis of Resilience
by Stephanie Dorais and Daniel Gutierrez
Religions 2021, 12(8), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080573 - 26 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2941
Abstract
The authors longitudinally examined a spiritual meditation based on centering prayer. The study consisted of two primary aims: (1) to determine the effectiveness of centering meditation on increasing resilience and (2) to examine the temporal dynamics of spiritual transcendence on resilience during the [...] Read more.
The authors longitudinally examined a spiritual meditation based on centering prayer. The study consisted of two primary aims: (1) to determine the effectiveness of centering meditation on increasing resilience and (2) to examine the temporal dynamics of spiritual transcendence on resilience during the meditation. Participants (n = 150) engaged in a 4-week randomized controlled trial, in which the treatment group practiced the centering meditation twice a day. The growth curve model includes a three-way interaction to determine if there were group effects in the relationship between spiritual transcendence and time. The interaction between treatment group, time, and spiritual transcendence was statistically significant in explaining the trajectory of resilience, p < 0.05. Based on the findings, the centering meditation was effective in statistically significantly increasing resilience in the treatment group compared to the waitlist control group. In addition, spiritual transcendence significantly potentiated the effect of centering meditation on improving resilience over time, p < 0.05. The authors discuss limitations and implications for research and practice of centering meditation. Full article
18 pages, 329 KiB  
Article
“Whatsoever You Do unto the Least of My Brethren, You Do unto Me:” Using the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale in a Socially and Economically Marginalized Rescue Mission Sample
by Ralph L. Piedmont, Jesse Fox and Evan Copello
Religions 2021, 12(7), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070474 - 25 Jun 2021
Viewed by 2005
Abstract
Homelessness is a continual problem around the world, leaving many organizations uncertain of how to serve these individuals. Although 60-percent of homeless are being served by faith-based organizations, religiosity and spirituality have been largely ignored by researchers as a way of treatment. In [...] Read more.
Homelessness is a continual problem around the world, leaving many organizations uncertain of how to serve these individuals. Although 60-percent of homeless are being served by faith-based organizations, religiosity and spirituality have been largely ignored by researchers as a way of treatment. In this study, we looked at 121 men who were admitted to a Christian-based rescue mission. The mission offered programs such as NA/AA and Spiritual Development. Those that agreed to participate in the study filled out the survey after the first 7-days of treatment, and again after 3 months. Our results revealed that due to the program, there was an overall increase in Religious Involvement, and a significant decrease in Religious Crisis. It is evident that religious and spiritual counsel is vital to improving the lives of those who are economically marginalized, and to ignore this is to not treat these individuals holistically. Full article
15 pages, 919 KiB  
Article
Current Mental Health Clients’ Attitudes Regarding Religion and Spirituality in Treatment: A National Survey
by Holly K. Oxhandler, Kenneth I. Pargament, Michelle J. Pearce, Cassandra Vieten and Kelsey M. Moffatt
Religions 2021, 12(6), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060371 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9258
Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been a growing interest in clients’ views toward integrating their religion and spirituality (RS) into mental health treatment. However, most of these studies have been limited to small samples and specific populations, regions, and/or clinical issues. [...] Read more.
Over the last several years, there has been a growing interest in clients’ views toward integrating their religion and spirituality (RS) into mental health treatment. However, most of these studies have been limited to small samples and specific populations, regions, and/or clinical issues. This article describes the first national survey of current mental health clients across the US regarding their attitudes towards integrating their RS in treatment using a revised version of the Religious/Spiritually Integrated Practice Assessment Scale-Client Attitudes, version 2 (RSIPAS-CAv2) with a sample of 989 clients. Our findings indicate mental health clients have overwhelmingly positive attitudes regarding integrating their RS into mental health treatment. Additionally, we explored what background characteristics predict clients’ attitudes toward this area of practice and found the top predictor was their intrinsic religiosity, followed by whether they had previously discussed RS with their current provider, age, gender, organized and non-organized religious activities, belief in God/Higher Power, and frequency of seeing their mental health provider. The reliability and validity of the RSIPAS-CAv2 was also explored and this scale is recommended for future use. Implications and recommendations for practice, research, and future training efforts are discussed. Full article
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16 pages, 325 KiB  
Concept Paper
Disenchantment, Buffering, and Spiritual Reductionism: A Pedagogy of Secularism for Counseling and Psychotherapy
by Waleed Y. Sami, John Mitchell Waters, Amelia Liadis, Aliza Lambert and Abigail H. Conley
Religions 2021, 12(8), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12080612 - 6 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4548
Abstract
The various mental health disciplines (e.g., counseling, psychology, social work) all mandate competence in working with clients from diverse religious and spiritual backgrounds. However, there is growing evidence that practitioners feel ill-equipped to meet the needs of their religiously- and spiritually-diverse clients. Furthermore, [...] Read more.
The various mental health disciplines (e.g., counseling, psychology, social work) all mandate competence in working with clients from diverse religious and spiritual backgrounds. However, there is growing evidence that practitioners feel ill-equipped to meet the needs of their religiously- and spiritually-diverse clients. Furthermore, formal education on religion and spirituality remains optional within coursework. Research on religion and spirituality is also noted for its reductionism to observable outcomes, leaving much of its nuance uncovered. This paper will utilize philosophies of secularism and explore the concepts of disenchantment, buffering, and coercion, to help illuminate why our contemporary society and our disciplines struggle with this incongruence between stated values and implementation. Case vignettes and recommendations will be provided to help practitioners and educators. Full article
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