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Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2020) | Viewed by 46476

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Miguel Morales

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centro Laser, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: laser processing; LIFT; laser shock processing; additive manufacturing; modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We have the pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to the forthcoming Special Issue, “Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications”, for the journal Materials.

Since the invention of the laser, a broad variety of laser systems with different properties (wavelength, pulse duration, repetition rate, pulse energy, etc.) have been developed and have allowed the processing of almost any material (from metals to glass). Laser has been established as the key tool for many material processing applications and is many times the only real solution available. These great properties for material processing combined with its high flexibility and scalability, have allowed laser technology to be used in high throughput industrial applications and many current industrial production processes would not be possible without it.

This Special Issue covers the whole spectrum of laser materials processing, ranging from novel trends in well-established industrial processing techniques (like laser welding or laser micro processing) to fundamental research in novel applications (like laser tissue engineering or surface functionalization). This Special Issue will cover applications with new laser systems, new beam delivering systems (including high speed polygon scanners, ultra-fast varifocal lenses, spatial light modulator (SLM), etc.) and new methods for the monitoring and adaptive control of laser processes. In addition, fundamental research concerning the interaction between laser radiation and matter, including simulations and the modeling of these processes will also be topics of specific interest.

Dr. Miguel Morales
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Laser processing
  • Modeling
  • Microprocessing
  • High throughput
  • Process Monitoring
  • Industrial manufacturing

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 12958 KiB  
Article
Improving the Forming Quality of Laser Dynamic Flexible Micropunching by Laser Pre-Shocking
by Jindian Zhang, Zongbao Shen, Youyu Lin, Kai Liu, Guoyang Zhou, Yang Wang, Lei Zhang, Pin Li, Huixia Liu and Xiao Wang
Materials 2020, 13(17), 3667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173667 - 19 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1709
Abstract
Laser pre-shocking (LPS) was introduced into the laser dynamic flexible micropunching process to refine the grain size of a workpiece to improve the forming quality of punched parts. T2 copper foils with five different grain sizes and seven different laser power densities with [...] Read more.
Laser pre-shocking (LPS) was introduced into the laser dynamic flexible micropunching process to refine the grain size of a workpiece to improve the forming quality of punched parts. T2 copper foils with five different grain sizes and seven different laser power densities with and without LPS were used for the experiment. The results showed that the grains are refined and the average surface roughness Ra decreases after LPS. For copper foils annealed at 650 °C, the value of Ra decreases from 0.430 to 0.363 µm. The increase in laser energy density and grain size leads to the deterioration of the fracture surface. LPS can improve the quality of the fracture surface. Compared with punched holes without LPS, the dimensional accuracy and shape accuracy of punched holes can be improved by LPS. When grain size is close to the thickness of the copper foil, the forming quality of the punched parts becomes uncertain, owing to the difference in the orientation of the initial grains. The instability of laser dynamic flexible micropunching can be reduced by LPS. Especially, the improvement of forming quality of the punched part brought by LPS is significant for the copper foils with coarse grains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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13 pages, 1815 KiB  
Article
Role of the La/K Compositional Ratio in the Properties of Waveguides Written by Fs-Laser Induced Element Redistribution in Phosphate-Based Glasses
by Pedro Moreno-Zarate, Francisco Muñoz, Belen Sotillo, Manuel Macias-Montero, Julia Atienzar, Marina Garcia-Pardo, Paloma Fernandez, Rosalia Serna and Javier Solis
Materials 2020, 13(6), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061275 - 11 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2298
Abstract
The local modification of the composition of glasses by high repetition femtosecond laser irradiation is an attractive method for producing photonic devices. Recently, the successful production of waveguides with a refractive index contrast (Δn) above 10−2 by fs-laser writing has been demonstrated [...] Read more.
The local modification of the composition of glasses by high repetition femtosecond laser irradiation is an attractive method for producing photonic devices. Recently, the successful production of waveguides with a refractive index contrast (Δn) above 10−2 by fs-laser writing has been demonstrated in phosphate glasses containing La2O3 and K2O modifiers. This large index contrast has been related to a local enrichment in lanthanum in the light guiding region accompanied by a depletion in potassium. In this work, we have studied the influence of the initial glass composition on the performance of waveguides that are produced by fs-laser induced element redistribution (FLIER) in phosphate-based samples with different La and K concentrations. We have analyzed the contribution to the electronic polarizability of the different glass constituents based on refractive index measurements of the untreated samples, and used it to estimate the expected index contrast caused by the experimentally measured local compositional changes in laser written guiding structures. These estimated values have been compared to experimental ones that are derived from near field images of the guided modes with an excellent agreement. Therefore, we have developed a method to estimate before-hand the expected index contrast in fs-laser written waveguides via FLIER for a given glass composition. The obtained results stress the importance of considering the contribution to the polarizability of all the moving species when computing the expected refractive index changes that are caused by FLIER processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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10 pages, 3751 KiB  
Article
Effect of Laser Beam Oscillation on Laser Welding–Brazing of Ti/Al Dissimilar Metals
by Xi Chen, Zhenglong Lei, Yanbin Chen, Yu Han, Meng Jiang, Ze Tian, Jiang Bi, Sanbao Lin and Nan Jiang
Materials 2019, 12(24), 4165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244165 - 11 Dec 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3445
Abstract
Ti4Al6V and 6061 Al dissimilar metals were butt welded by the laser oscillating welding method. The effects of laser offset, oscillation frequency, and energy distribution on the formation, microstructure, and tensile properties of dissimilar metal joints are discussed in detail. The experimental results [...] Read more.
Ti4Al6V and 6061 Al dissimilar metals were butt welded by the laser oscillating welding method. The effects of laser offset, oscillation frequency, and energy distribution on the formation, microstructure, and tensile properties of dissimilar metal joints are discussed in detail. The experimental results show that the Ti6Al4V was micro melted with a laser offset of 1.1 mm, and a large number of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were formed on the side of the Ti6Al4V. Additionally, there were some porosity defects in the fusion zone (FZ) due to an inappropriate laser oscillation frequency. When the laser offset was increased to 1.2 mm, the IMC distribution was uniform and the thickness was controlled below 2 μm. The porosity defects in the FZ decreased and the tensile strength of the joints increased significantly. The maximum value of tensile strength reached 173 MPa at a laser frequency of 28 Hz. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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12 pages, 3722 KiB  
Article
Effect of Residual Stress on S–N Curves and Fracture Morphology of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy after Laser Shock Peening without Protective Coating
by Xinlei Pan, Xiang Li, Liucheng Zhou, Xiaotai Feng, Sihai Luo and Weifeng He
Materials 2019, 12(22), 3799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12223799 - 19 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2588
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of residual stress on the stress–life (S–N) curve and fracture morphology characteristics of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy after laser shock peening (LSP) without protective coating was experimentally investigated. The fatigue test and residual stress measurement were conducted on specimens [...] Read more.
In this paper, the effect of residual stress on the stress–life (S–N) curve and fracture morphology characteristics of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy after laser shock peening (LSP) without protective coating was experimentally investigated. The fatigue test and residual stress measurement were conducted on specimens before and after the LSP process. It was shown that LSP produced a high-amplitude compressive residual stress field on the surface of the specimen. After the LSP process, the fatigue life limit was increased by 16%, and the S–N curve shifted upward. Then, based on the theory of mean stress, the mechanism whereby the compressive residual stress improves the fatigue life of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy was analyzed. It indicated the improvement in fatigue life was because of the high-amplitude compressive residual stress on the surface and in depth induced by LSP to reduce the tensile stress produced by external loading. In addition, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) pattern of fatigue fracture demonstrated distinct differences in the fracture morphology before and after LSP. After LSP, the crack initiation sites of the samples moved to the subsurface where it was difficult for fatigue cracks initiating here. Moreover, after the LSP process, there were high density of fatigue striations and many secondary cracks on the fracture of the treated specimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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9 pages, 1598 KiB  
Article
Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of Stable Hydrophilic and Anti-Corrosive Steel Surfaces
by Christina Lanara, Alexandros Mimidis and Emmanuel Stratakis
Materials 2019, 12(20), 3428; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203428 - 20 Oct 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2735
Abstract
We report on a novel single-step method to develop steel surfaces with permanent highly hydrophilic and anti-corrosive properties, without employing any chemical coating. It is based on the femtosecond (fs) laser processing in a saturated background gas atmosphere. It is particularly shown that [...] Read more.
We report on a novel single-step method to develop steel surfaces with permanent highly hydrophilic and anti-corrosive properties, without employing any chemical coating. It is based on the femtosecond (fs) laser processing in a saturated background gas atmosphere. It is particularly shown that the fs laser microstructuring of steel in the presence of ammonia gas gives rise to pseudoperiodic arrays of microcones exhibiting highly hydrophilic properties, which are stable over time. This is in contrast to the conventional fs laser processing of steel in air, which always provides surfaces with progressively increasing hydrophobicity following irradiation. More importantly, the surfaces subjected to fs laser treatment in ammonia exhibit remarkable anti-corrosion properties, contrary to those processed in air, as well as untreated ones. The combination of two functionalities, namely hydrophilicity and corrosion resistance, together with the facile processing performed directly onto the steel surface, without the need to deposit any coating, opens the way for the laser-based production of high-performance steel components for a variety of applications, including mechanical parts, fluidic components and consumer products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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15 pages, 5890 KiB  
Article
Application of Two-Photon-Absorption Pulsed Laser for Single-Event-Effects Sensitivity Mapping Technology
by Cheng Gu, Rui Chen, George Belev, Shuting Shi, Haonan Tian, Issam Nofal and Li Chen
Materials 2019, 12(20), 3411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203411 - 18 Oct 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2141
Abstract
Single-event effects (SEEs) in integrated circuits and devices can be studied by utilizing ultra-fast pulsed laser system through Two Photon Absorption process. This paper presents technical ways to characterize key factors for laser based SEEs mapping testing system: output power from laser source, [...] Read more.
Single-event effects (SEEs) in integrated circuits and devices can be studied by utilizing ultra-fast pulsed laser system through Two Photon Absorption process. This paper presents technical ways to characterize key factors for laser based SEEs mapping testing system: output power from laser source, spot size focused by objective lens, opening window of Pockels cell, and calibration of injected laser energy. The laser based SEEs mapping testing system can work in a stable and controllable status by applying these methods. Furthermore, a sensitivity map of a Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) cell with a 65 nm technique node was created through the established laser system. The sensitivity map of the SRAM cell was compared to a map generated by a commercial simulation tool (TFIT), and the two matched well. In addition, experiments in this paper also provided energy distribution profile along Z axis that is the direction of the pulsed laser injection and threshold energy for different SRAM structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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16 pages, 9147 KiB  
Article
Picosecond Laser Interference Patterning of Periodical Micro-Architectures on Metallic Molds for Hot Embossing
by Yangxi Fu, Marcos Soldera, Wei Wang, Bogdan Voisiat and Andrés Fabián Lasagni
Materials 2019, 12(20), 3409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203409 - 18 Oct 2019
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3098
Abstract
In this work, it is demonstrated that direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a method capable of producing microtextured metallic molds for hot embossing processes. Three different metals (Cr, Ni, and Cu), relevant for the mold production used in nanoimprinting systems, are patterned [...] Read more.
In this work, it is demonstrated that direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a method capable of producing microtextured metallic molds for hot embossing processes. Three different metals (Cr, Ni, and Cu), relevant for the mold production used in nanoimprinting systems, are patterned by DLIP using a picosecond laser source emitting at a 532 nm wavelength. The results show that the quality and surface topography of the produced hole-like micropatterns are determined by the laser processing parameters, such as irradiated energy density and the number of pulses. Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are also observed on the treated surfaces, whose shapes, periodicities, and orientations are strongly dependent on the accumulated fluence. Finally, the three structured metals are used as embossing molds to imprint microlenses on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) foils using an electrohydraulic press. Topographical profiles demonstrate that the obtained structures are comparable to the masters showing a satisfactory reproduction of the texture. The polymeric microlens arrays that showed the best surface homogeneity and overall quality were those embossed with the Cr molds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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10 pages, 4648 KiB  
Article
Thermal Effects in the Ablation of Bovine Cortical Bone with Pulsed Laser Sources
by David Canteli, Cristina Muñoz-García, Miguel Morales, Andrés Márquez, Sara Lauzurica, Juan Arregui, Aritz Lazkoz and Carlos Molpeceres
Materials 2019, 12(18), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182916 - 09 Sep 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2014
Abstract
Lasers have advantages as bone surgical tools over mechanical methods, but two goals should be achieved to assure its use: Similar ablation rates to those obtained with mechanical tools (1 mm3/s at least) and to avoid thermal damage, a condition that [...] Read more.
Lasers have advantages as bone surgical tools over mechanical methods, but two goals should be achieved to assure its use: Similar ablation rates to those obtained with mechanical tools (1 mm3/s at least) and to avoid thermal damage, a condition that can prevent proper bone healing. We present results of cow femoral bone with a 355 nm nanosecond (ns) and a 1064 nm picosecond (ps) pulsed laser sources that allow us to discuss the influence on the process of pulse duration and the selective ablation through high energy absorption (as bone highly absorbs 355 nm radiation). The treated samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The evaluation of the thermal effects produced in the samples shows clear differences between both laser sources: On one hand, the ns laser allows reaching high ablation rates (around 1 mm3/s); Raman spectra show no signal of bone carbonization, but unavoidable thermal effects in the form of melted and solidified material have been observed by electron microscopy in the samples treated with this laser. On the other hand, ablation without any sign of thermal effects is obtained using the ps laser, but with lower ablation rates, (around 0.15 mm3/s). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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16 pages, 10919 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Laser Welding of Titanium Alloy
by Ning Guo, Qi Cheng, Xin Zhang, Yunlong Fu and Lu Huang
Materials 2019, 12(17), 2703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12172703 - 23 Aug 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3403
Abstract
Underwater laser beam welding (ULBW) with filler wire was applied to Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Process parameters including the back shielding gas flow rate (BSGFR) (the amount of protective gas flowing over the back of the workpiece per unit time), focal position, and laser power [...] Read more.
Underwater laser beam welding (ULBW) with filler wire was applied to Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Process parameters including the back shielding gas flow rate (BSGFR) (the amount of protective gas flowing over the back of the workpiece per unit time), focal position, and laser power were investigated to obtain a high-quality butt joint. The results showed that the increase of BSGFR could obtain the slighter oxidation level and refiner crystal grain in the welded metals. Whereas the back shielding gas at a flow rate of 35 L/min resulting in pores in the welded metals. With the increasing of the heat input, the welded metals went through three stages, i.e., not full penetration, crystal grain refinement, and coarseness. Crystal grain refinement could improve the mechanical properties, however, not full penetration and pores led to the decline in mechanical properties. Under optimal process parameters, the microstructure in the fusion zones of the underwater and in-air weld metals was acicular martensite. The near the fusion zone of the underwater and in-air weld metals consisted of the α + α′ phase, but almost without the α′ phase in the near base metal zone. The tensile strength and impact toughness of the underwater welded joints were 852.81 MPa and 39.07 J/cm2, respectively, which approached to those of the in-air welded joints (861.32 MPa and 38.99 J/cm2). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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15 pages, 8425 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Monitoring of Chemical Composition in Nickel-Based Laser Cladding Layer by Emission Spectroscopy Analysis
by Siyu Wang and Changsheng Liu
Materials 2019, 12(16), 2637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162637 - 19 Aug 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3273
Abstract
The composition distribution can influence the performances of laser cladding layers. Hence, the technology of rthe eal-time monitoring of chemical composition is required to apply on laser cladding process. In this experiment, four kinds of Ni-based alloy powders were used to prepare laser [...] Read more.
The composition distribution can influence the performances of laser cladding layers. Hence, the technology of rthe eal-time monitoring of chemical composition is required to apply on laser cladding process. In this experiment, four kinds of Ni-based alloy powders were used to prepare laser cladding layers on AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 4140 steel. At the same time, emission spectra were collected during real-time laser cladding process. The intensity of spectral lines were revised with a corrected number deduced with evaporation rate of elements. By correlating the weight ratios of elements with the intensity ratios of spectral lines, four calibration curves were established to monitor composition distribution. The main results are shown as following: Weight ratios among elements in the laser cladding layers changed versus input energy density due to different saturated vapor pressures among elements; the dilution amount of substrate showed weak relations under the different manufacturing parameters, and the main reason for this can be attributed to the change of thermo–physical properties among different Ni-based alloy powders; the predicted results showed that when the composition concentration was higher than 3 wt.%, the relative error was lower than 8%, compared with EDS (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) testing data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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14 pages, 4889 KiB  
Article
Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of LC3530 Fe-Based Laser Cladding Coating
by Xiao Zhang and Yajun Zhou
Materials 2019, 12(15), 2400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152400 - 27 Jul 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3008
Abstract
The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and wear resistance of LC3530 Fe-based powder laser cladding coating was investigated in this paper. The cladding coating was subjected to deep cryogenic treatment for the different holding times of 3, 6, 9, 12, and [...] Read more.
The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and wear resistance of LC3530 Fe-based powder laser cladding coating was investigated in this paper. The cladding coating was subjected to deep cryogenic treatment for the different holding times of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h, followed by tempering at room temperature. Microstructure of the cladding coating was observed by optical microscope (OM) and the microhardness was measured by the Vickers-hardness tester. The wear was tested by ball and flat surface grinding testing conducted on the material surface comprehensive performance tester. The wear scars were analyzed using a non-contact optical surface profiler and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed the grain size of cladding coating after 12 h of deep cryogenic treatment was significantly reduced by 36.50% compared to the non-cryogenically treated cladding coating, and the microhardness value increased by approximately 34%. According to the wear coefficient calculated by the Archard model, the wear resistance improved about five times and the wear mechanism was micro-ploughing. The deep cryogenic treatment could enhance the wear resistance of the cladding coating by forming a wear resistant alloy compound and higher surface microhardness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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17 pages, 3930 KiB  
Article
High Throughput Direct Laser Interference Patterning of Aluminum for Fabrication of Super Hydrophobic Surfaces
by Valentin Lang, Bogdan Voisiat and Andrés Fabián Lasagni
Materials 2019, 12(9), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091484 - 07 May 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3749
Abstract
This work addresses the fabrication of hydrophobic surface structures by means of direct laser interference patterning using an optical setup optimized for high throughput processing. The developed optical assembly is used to shape the laser beam intensity as well as to obtain the [...] Read more.
This work addresses the fabrication of hydrophobic surface structures by means of direct laser interference patterning using an optical setup optimized for high throughput processing. The developed optical assembly is used to shape the laser beam intensity as well as to obtain the two sub beams required for creating the interference pattern. The resulting beam profile consists of an elongated rectangular laser spot with 5.0 mm × 0.1 mm size, which enables the optimized utilization of the laser fluence available from an ns-pulsed laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm. Depending on the pulse repetition rate applied, heating of the substrate volume generated by heat accumulation encouraged exceptionally high aspect ratios of the trench structures due to melt flow dynamic material deformation. Finally, water contact angle measurements of the produced structures permitted the demonstration of the capability of controlling the wetting angle, in which this effect does not only depend on the height of the generated surface structures but also on their morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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16 pages, 3635 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Ablated Bone and Muscle for Long-Pulsed Laser Ablation in Dry and Wet Conditions
by Hervé Nguendon Kenhagho, Sergey Shevchik, Fatemeh Saeidi, Neige Faivre, Bastian Meylan, Georg Rauter, Raphael Guzman, Philippe Cattin, Kilian Wasmer and Azhar Zam
Materials 2019, 12(8), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081338 - 24 Apr 2019
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
Smart laser technologies are desired that can accurately cut and characterize tissues, such as bone and muscle, with minimal thermal damage and fast healing. Using a long-pulsed laser with a 0.5–10 ms pulse width at a wavelength of 1.07 µm, we investigated the [...] Read more.
Smart laser technologies are desired that can accurately cut and characterize tissues, such as bone and muscle, with minimal thermal damage and fast healing. Using a long-pulsed laser with a 0.5–10 ms pulse width at a wavelength of 1.07 µm, we investigated the optimum laser parameters for producing craters with minimal thermal damage under both wet and dry conditions. In different tissues (bone and muscle), we analyzed craters of various morphologies, depths, and volumes. We used a two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test to investigate whether there are significant differences in the ablation efficiency in wet versus dry conditions at each level of the pulse energy. We found that bone and muscle tissue ablated under wet conditions produced fewer cracks and less thermal damage around the craters than under dry conditions. In contrast to muscle, the ablation efficiency of bone under wet conditions was not higher than under dry conditions. Tissue differentiation was carried out based on measured acoustic waves. A Principal Component Analysis of the measured acoustic waves and Mahalanobis distances were used to differentiate bone and muscle under wet conditions. Bone and muscle ablated in wet conditions demonstrated a classification error of less than 6.66% and 3.33%, when measured by a microphone and a fiber Bragg grating, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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15 pages, 6685 KiB  
Article
Influence of Arc Power on Keyhole-Induced Porosity in Laser + GMAW Hybrid Welding of Aluminum Alloy: Numerical and Experimental Studies
by Guoxiang Xu, Pengfei Li, Lin Li, Qingxian Hu, Jie Zhu, Xiaoyan Gu and Baoshuai Du
Materials 2019, 12(8), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081328 - 23 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3243
Abstract
A three-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena in fiber laser + gas metal arc welding (GMAW) hybrid welding of an aluminum alloy, which incorporates three-phase coupling and is able to depict the keyhole dynamic behavior and [...] Read more.
A three-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate heat transfer and fluid flow phenomena in fiber laser + gas metal arc welding (GMAW) hybrid welding of an aluminum alloy, which incorporates three-phase coupling and is able to depict the keyhole dynamic behavior and formation process of the keyhole-induced porosity. The temperature profiles and fluid flow fields for different arc powers are calculated and the percent porosities of weld beads were also examined under different conditions by X-ray non-destructive testing (NDT). The results showed that the computed results were in agreement with the experimental data. For hybrid welding, with raising arc power, the keyhole-induced porosity was reduced. Besides the solidification rate of the molten pool, the melt flow was also closely related to weld porosity. A relatively steady anti-clockwise vortex caused by arc forces tended to force the bubble to float upwards at the high temperature region close to the welding heat source, which benefits the escape of the gas bubble from the melt pool. When increasing the arc power, the anti-clockwise region was strengthened and the risk of the gas bubble for capture by the liquid/solid interface underneath the keyhole tip was diminished, which resulted in the lower weld percent porosity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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9 pages, 1865 KiB  
Communication
On the Interplay of DLIP and LIPSS Upon Ultra-Short Laser Pulse Irradiation
by Sabri Alamri, Fotis Fraggelakis, Tim Kunze, Benjamin Krupop, Girolamo Mincuzzi, Rainer Kling and Andrés Fabián Lasagni
Materials 2019, 12(7), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071018 - 27 Mar 2019
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5201
Abstract
Controlling laser induced surface morphology is essential for developing specialized functional surfaces. This work presents novel, multi-scale periodic patterns with two-dimensional symmetry generated on stainless steel, polyimide and sapphire. The microstructures were realized by combining Direct Laser Interference Patterning with the generation of [...] Read more.
Controlling laser induced surface morphology is essential for developing specialized functional surfaces. This work presents novel, multi-scale periodic patterns with two-dimensional symmetry generated on stainless steel, polyimide and sapphire. The microstructures were realized by combining Direct Laser Interference Patterning with the generation of Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures in a one-step process. An industrial, fiber femtosecond laser source emitting at 1030 nm with a pulse duration of 500 fs was utilized for the experiments. In the case of stainless steel, it was possible to create line-like or pillar-like surface patterns by rotating the polarization orientation with respect to the interference pattern. In the case of polyimide and sapphire, the absorption of the laser radiation was promoted by a multiphoton mechanism. In polyimide, grooves and pillars of several microns in depth were produced over an area much larger than the spot size. Finally, for sapphire, the simultaneous generation of interference-like pattern and laser induced periodic surface structures was realized. The results reported here provide valuable data on the feasibility to combine two state-of-the-art techniques with an industrial apparatus, to control the induced surface morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Technologies and Applications)
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