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A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2020) | Viewed by 87887

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alessio Russo

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Guest Editor

School of Arts, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall Campus, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK
Interests: urban ecosystem services and disservices; nature-based solutions; biophilic urbanism; urban ecology; green infrastructure; urban agriculture; urban green spaces and health; ecological landscape design; sustainable planning; cultural landscapes; landscape architecture
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Prof. Dr. Giuseppe T. Cirella

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Economics, University of Gdansk, ul. Armii Krajowej 119/121, 81-824 Sopot, Poland
Interests: geography; sustainability; environmental management; urban studies; social impact; economic development; green infrastructure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to announce a Special Issue of Land on “Urban Ecosystem Services”.

Urbanization, growth population and climate change have negative impacts on ecosystem services (ES) in cities [1–3]. Assessing as well as estimating the losses of ES due to rapid urban expansion plays a significant role in sustainable urban development [4]. However, studies on the effects of urbanization on ES have shown inconsistent and, in some cases, contradictory results [1–3].

Modern compact cities have been identified as having a high-density and mixed-use pattern. Their features are believed to contribute to a form of functional urban design that supports sustainability and restresses the importance of ES. The urban green space plays a vital role in the design and impact on how compact cities have developed, and thus, a scientific discord on the amount of greenery individuals require and to what extent contemporary approaches address this has been triggered. Therefore, future cities should integrate social-ecological systems into urban planning, management, and governance [3,5]. Topics related to compact city design and land use planning are welcome.

This Special Issue aims to explore innovative approaches for enhancing urban sustainability and ES in the face of increasing urbanization concerns.

Areas of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Assessing natural capital and ecosystem services;
Compact cities;
Ecology in cities;
Ecosystem services, ecosystem disservices, and well-being;
Ecosystem service degradation;
Edible green infrastructure;
Green infrastructure;
Green space;
Green walls;
Healing garden design;
Landscape architecture and urban design;
Mapping and assessing ecosystem services;
Modelling ecosystem services;
Nature-based solutions;
Social-ecological systems;
Sustainable urbanism;
Urban agriculture;
Urban biodiversity and ecosystem services;
Urban biosphere reserve;
Urban ecosystems;
Urban forest;
Urban geography and development;
Urban land use planning;
Urban–rural interface;
Urban sustainability.

References

Wang, J.; Zhou, W.; Pickett, S.T.A.; Yu, W.; Li, W. A multiscale analysis of urbanization effects on ecosystem services supply in an urban megaregion. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 662, 824–833.
Russo, A.; Cirella, G.T. Edible Green Infrastructure 4.0 for Food Security and Well-being: Campania Region, Italy. In International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning. Compendium of Inspiring Practices: Health Edition; Quinlan, V., Ed.; UN Habitat, HS/080/18E: Nairobi, Kenya, 2018; p. 72.
Russo, A.; Cirella, G.T. Modern Compact Cities: How Much Greenery Do We Need? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2180.
Das, M.; Das, A. Dynamics of Urbanization and its impact on Urban Ecosystem Services (UESs): A study of a medium size town of West Bengal, Eastern India. J. Urban Manag. 2019, 1–15.
Schewenius, M.; McPhearson, T.; Elmqvist, T. Opportunities for Increasing Resilience and Sustainability of Urban Social–Ecological Systems: Insights from the URBES and the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook Projects. Ambio 2014, 43, 434–444.

Dr. Alessio Russo
Prof. Giuseppe T. Cirella
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

urbanization
ecosystem services
urban ecology
green infrastructure
green space
resiliency
sustainability
urban trees

Related Special Issues

Urban Ecosystem Services II: Toward a Sustainable Future in Land (11 articles)
Urban Ecosystem Services IV in Land (10 articles)
Urban Ecosystem Services III in Land (12 articles)

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Urban Ecosystem Services: New Findings for Landscape Architects, Urban Planners, and Policymakers

by Alessio Russo and Giuseppe T. Cirella

Land 2021, 10(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010088 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8530

Abstract

More than half of the world’s population lives in urban ecosystems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 7699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potentials and Pitfalls of Mapping Nature-Based Solutions with the Online Citizen Science Platform ClimateScan

by Britta Restemeyer and Floris C. Boogaard

Land 2021, 10(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010005 - 23 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5235

Abstract

Online knowledge-sharing platforms could potentially contribute to an accelerated climate adaptation by promoting more green and blue spaces in urban areas. The implementation of small-scale nature-based solutions (NBS) such as bio(swales), green roofs, and green walls requires the involvement and enthusiasm of multiple stakeholders. This paper discusses how online citizen science platforms can stimulate stakeholder engagement and promote NBS, which is illustrated with the case of ClimateScan. Three main concerns related to online platforms are addressed: the period of relevance of the platform, the lack of knowledge about the inclusiveness and characteristics of the contributors, and the ability of sustaining a well-functioning community with limited resources. ClimateScan has adopted a “bottom–up” approach in which users have much freedom to create and update content. Within six years, this has resulted in an illustrated map with over 5000 NBS projects around the globe and an average of more than 100 visitors a day. However, points of concern are identified regarding the data quality and the aspect of community-building. Although the numbers of users are rising, only a few users have remained involved. Learning from these remaining top users and their motivations, we draw general lessons and make suggestions for stimulating long-term engagement on online knowledge-sharing platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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17 pages, 20775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infiltration Capacity of Rain Gardens Using Full-Scale Test Method: Effect of Infiltration System on Groundwater Levels in Bergen, Norway

by Guri Venvik and Floris C. Boogaard

Land 2020, 9(12), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120520 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4247

Abstract

The rain gardens at Bryggen in Bergen, Western Norway, is designed to collect, retain, and infiltrate surface rainfall runoff water, recharge the groundwater, and replenish soil moisture. The hydraulic infiltration capacity of the Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS), here rain gardens, has been tested with small-scale and full-scale infiltration tests. Results show that infiltration capacity meets the requirement and is more than sufficient for infiltration in a cold climate. The results from small-scale test, 245–404 mm/h, shows lower infiltration rates than the full-scale infiltration test, with 510–1600 mm/h. As predicted, an immediate response of the full-scale infiltration test is shown on the groundwater monitoring in the wells located closest to the infiltration point (<30 m), with a ca. 2 days delayed response in the wells further away (75–100 m). Results show that there is sufficient capacity for a larger drainage area to be connected to the infiltration systems. This study contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of infiltration systems such as how a rain garden interacts with local, urban water cycle, both in the hydrological and hydrogeological aspects. The results from this study show that infiltration systems help to protect and preserve the organic rich cultural layers below, as well as help with testing and evaluating of the efficiency, i.e., SuDS may have multiple functions, not only storm water retention. The functionality is tested with water volumes of 40 m³ (600 L/min for 2 h and 10 min), comparable to a flash flood, which give an evaluation of the infiltration capacity of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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23 pages, 5421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Guide to Public Green Space Planning for Urban Ecosystem Services

by Evan Elderbrock, Chris Enright, Kathryn A. Lynch and Alexandra R. Rempel

Land 2020, 9(10), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100391 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5860

Abstract

Street trees, native plantings, bioswales, and other forms of green infrastructure alleviate urban air and water pollution, diminish flooding vulnerability, support pollinators, and provide other benefits critical to human well-being. Urban planners increasingly value such urban ecosystem services (ES), and effective methods for deciding among alternative planting regimes using urban ES criteria are under active development. In this effort, integrating stakeholder values and concerns with quantitative urban ES assessments is a central challenge; although it is widely recommended, specific approaches have yet to be explored. Here, we develop, apply, and evaluate such a method in the Friendly Area Neighborhood of Eugene, Oregon by investigating the potential for increased urban ES through the conversion of public lawn to alternative planting regimes that align with expressed stakeholder priorities. We first estimated current urban ES from green space mapping and published supply rates, finding lawn cover and associated ES to be dominant. Resident and expert priorities were then revealed through surveys and Delphi analyses; top priorities included air quality, stormwater quality, native plantings, and pollinator habitat, while concerns focused on cost and safety. Unexpectedly, most residents expressed a willingness to support urban ES improvements financially. This evidence then informed the development of planting regime alternatives among which we compared achievable future urban ES delivery, revealing clear differences among those that maximized stakeholder priorities, those that maximized quantitative urban ES delivery, and their integration. The resulting contribution is a straightforward method for identifying planting regimes with a high likelihood of success in delivering desired urban ES in specific local contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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19 pages, 2090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Planning and Design for Building Neighborhood Resilience to Climate Change

by Katarzyna Rędzińska and Monika Piotrkowska

Land 2020, 9(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100387 - 12 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4867

Abstract

The aim of the paper was to present the procedure of building neighborhood resilience to climate threats, embedded in planning (from the strategic to local level) and design process and focused on usage of natural adaptive potential. The presented approach encompasses: (1) the strategic identification of focal areas in terms of climate adaptation needs, (2) comprehensive diagnosis of local ecological vulnerability and natural adaptive potential to build adaptive capacity, and (3) incorporation of natural adaptive potential through an identified set of planning and design tools. For diagnosis and strategic environmental impact assessment, the multicriteria analysis has been elaborated. The described procedure is applied to the City of Warsaw on the strategic level, by elaboration of the ranking of districts in terms of priority to take adaptation actions based on climatic threats, demographic vulnerability, and assessment of Warsaw Green Infrastructure potential. For further analysis at the planning and design stage, the district with the most urgent adaptation needs has been chosen, and within its borders, two neighborhoods (existing and planned one) with diagnosed ecological sensitivity were selected. Both case studies were analyzed in terms of environmental conditions, urban structure, and planning provisions. It enabled identification of existing natural adaptive potential and assessment of its use. As a result, propositions for enhancing neighborhood resilience to climate change were suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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16 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ways Forward for Advancing Ecosystem Services in Municipal Planning—Experiences from Stockholm County

by Sara Khoshkar, Monica Hammer, Sara Borgström and Berit Balfors

Land 2020, 9(9), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090296 - 26 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

This case study from Stockholm County, Sweden, explores practitioners’ experiences of barriers and bridges in municipal planning practices to support actions for ecosystem services. This qualitative study is based on information gathered from a focus group, workshops, and semi-structured interviews, which aided in identifying key factors for integrating ecosystem services in municipal planning. We identified 10 key factors divided into three themes: (i) regulatory framework and political support, (ii) local organizational capacity, and (iii) local adaptation of tools and practices. In particular, the practitioners pointed to the need for the development of legal support and regulations for ecosystem services on the national and EU policy levels. Furthermore, the need for local capacity building and understanding of ecosystem services as well as increased regional support to enhance local knowledge exchange and learning was emphasized. Also, in a decentralized local governance system such as in Sweden, to fully implement ecosystem services in urban planning for sustainable development, locally adapted practical tools and monitoring procedures were considered important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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20 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Theoretical Framework for Bolstering Human-Nature Connections and Urban Resilience via Green Infrastructure

by Jackie Parker and Greg D. Simpson

Land 2020, 9(8), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9080252 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10165

Abstract

Demand for resources and changing structures of human settlements arising from population growth are impacting via the twin crises of anthropogenic climate change and declining human health. Informed by documentary research, this article explores how Urban Resilience Theory (URT) and Human-Nature Connection Theory (HNCT) can inform urban development that leverages urban green infrastructure (UGI) to mitigate and meditate these two crises. The findings of this article are that UGI can be the foundation for action to reduce the severity and impact of those crises and progress inclusive and sustainable community planning and urban development. In summary, the URT promotes improvement in policy and planning frameworks, risk reduction techniques, adaptation strategies, disaster recovery mechanisms, environmentally sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel energy, the building of social capital, and integration of ecologically sustainable UGI. Further, the HNCT advocates pro-environmental behaviors to increase the amount and accessibility of quality remnant and restored UGI to realize the human health benefits provided by nature, while simultaneously enhancing the ecological diversity and health of indigenous ecosystems. The synthesis of this article postulates that realizing the combined potential of URT and HNCT is essential to deliver healthy urban settlements that accommodate projected urban population growth towards the end of the 21st-century. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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16 pages, 2329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting the Proximity Principle with Stakeholder Input: Investigating Property Values and Distance to Urban Green Space in Potchefstroom

by Zene Combrinck, Elizelle Juanee Cilliers, Louis Lategan and Sarel Cilliers

Land 2020, 9(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9070235 - 20 Jul 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3896

Abstract

Nature is essential to urban quality of life, yet green spaces are under pressure. In an attempt to strengthen the case for urban greening and to reclaim nature into cities, this research considered green spaces from an economic spatial perspective. The proximity principle, as part of hedonic price analysis, is employed to determine the impact of green spaces on property value in specifically selected residential areas within Potchefstroom, South Africa. Our statistical analysis indicated a rejection of the proximity principle in some areas, contradicting internationally accepted theory. To investigate local trends and possible reasons for the rejection, supporting quantitative data was gathered through structured questionnaires disseminated to local residents of Potchefstroom and Professional Planners in South Africa. Challenges pertaining to the planning of green spaces were emphasised, despite residents’ willingness to pay more for such green spaces in close proximity to residential areas, according to the cross-tabulations conducted. The research results contributed to the discourse on the economic benefits of green spaces and presented the trends of such benefits within the local context of Potchefstroom. The results emphasised the need to rethink the planning of green spaces within the local context, and provided recommendations on how to reclaim nature into cities from a spatial planning perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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11 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Incremental Demise of Urban Green Spaces

by Johan Colding, Åsa Gren and Stephan Barthel

Land 2020, 9(5), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050162 - 20 May 2020

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9886

Abstract

More precise explanations are needed to better understand why public green spaces are diminishing in cities, leading to the loss of ecosystem services that humans receive from natural systems. This paper is devoted to the incremental change of green spaces—a fate that is largely undetectable by urban residents. The paper elucidates a set of drivers resulting in the subtle loss of urban green spaces and elaborates on the consequences of this for resilience planning of ecosystem services. Incremental changes of greenspace trigger baseline shifts, where each generation of humans tends to take the current condition of an ecosystem as the normal state, disregarding its previous states. Even well-intended political land-use decisions, such as current privatization schemes, can cumulatively result in undesirable societal outcomes, leading to a gradual loss of opportunities for nature experience. Alfred E. Kahn referred to such decision making as ‘the tyranny of small decisions.’ This is mirrored in urban planning as problems that are dealt with in an ad hoc manner with no officially formulated vision for long-term spatial planning. Urban common property systems could provide interim solutions for local governments to survive periods of fiscal shortfalls. Transfer of proprietor rights to civil society groups can enhance the resilience of ecosystem services in cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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17 pages, 2074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Rock-Rubble Groynes Support Similar Intertidal Ecological Communities to Natural Rocky Shores?

by Paul Holloway and Richard Field

Land 2020, 9(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050131 - 28 Apr 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5752

Abstract

Despite the global implementation of rock-rubble groyne structures, there is limited research investigating their ecology, much less than for other artificial coastal structures. Here we compare the intertidal ecology of urban (or semi-urban) rock-rubble groynes and more rural natural rocky shores for three areas of the UK coastline. We collected richness and abundance data for 771 quadrats across three counties, finding a total of 81 species, with 48 species on the groynes and 71 species on the natural rocky shores. We performed three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on both richness and abundance data, running parallel analysis for rock and rock-pool habitats. We also performed detrended correspondence analysis on all species to identify patterns in community structure. On rock surfaces, we found similar richness and abundance across structures for algae, higher diversity and abundance for lichen and mobile animals on natural shores, and higher numbers of sessile animals on groynes. Rock-pool habitats were depauperate on groynes for all species groups except for sessile animals, relative to natural shores. Only a slight differentiation between groyne and natural shore communities was observed, while groynes supported higher abundances of some ‘at risk’ species than natural shores. Furthermore, groynes did not differ substantially from natural shores in terms of their presence and abundance of species not native to the area. We conclude that groynes host similar ecological communities to those found on natural shores, but differences do exist, particularly with respect to rock-pool habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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23 pages, 3963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring of Urban Landscape Ecology Dynamics of Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Pakistan, Over Four Decades (1976–2016)

by Hammad Gilani, Sohail Ahmad, Waqas Ahmed Qazi, Syed Muhammad Abubakar and Murtaza Khalid

Land 2020, 9(4), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040123 - 20 Apr 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5925

Abstract

In the late 1960s, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan’s capital shifted from Karachi to Islamabad, officially named Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT). In this aspect, the ICT is a young city, but undergoing rapid expansion and urbanization, especially in the last two decades. This study reports the measurement and characterization of ICT land cover change dynamics using Landsat satellite imagery for the years 1976, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016. Annual rate of change, landscape metrics, and urban forest fragmentation spatiotemporal analyses have been carried out, along with the calculation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 11.3.1 Land Consumption Rate to the Population Growth Rate (LCRPGR). The results show consistent increase in the settlement class, with highest annual rate of 8.79% during 2000–2010. Tree cover >40% and <40% canopy decreased at an annual rate of 0.81% and 0.77% between 1976 to 2016, respectively. Forest fragmentation analysis reveals that ‘core forests of >500 acres’ class decreased from 392 km² (65.41%) to 241 km² (55%), and ‘patch forest’ class increased from 15 km² (2.46%) to 20 km² (4.54%), from 1976 to 2016. The LCRPGR ratio was 0.62 from 1976 to 2000, increasing to 1.36 from 2000 to 2016. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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25 pages, 45372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bottom-Up and Top-Down Participatory Approach to Planning and Designing Local Urban Development: Evidence from an Urban University Center

by Teodoro Semeraro, Zaccarelli Nicola, Alejandro Lara, Francesco Sergi Cucinelli and Roberta Aretano

Land 2020, 9(4), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9040098 - 27 Mar 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 12211

Abstract

The urban area is characterized by different urban ecosystems that interact with different institutional levels, including different stakeholders and decision-makers, such as public administrations and governments. This can create many institutional conflicts in planning and designing the urban space. It would arguably be ideal for an urban area to be planned like a socio-ecological system where the urban ecosystem and institutional levels interact with each other in a multi-scale analysis. This work embraces a planning process that aims at being applied to a multi-institutional level approach that is able to match different visions and stakeholders' needs, combining bottom-up and top-down participation approaches. At the urban scale, the use of this approach is sometimes criticized because it appears to increase conflicts between the different stakeholders. Starting from a case study in the Municipality of Lecce, South Italy, we apply a top-down and bottom-up participation approach to overcome conflicts at the institutional levels in the use of the urban space in the Plan of the Urban University Center. The bottom-up participation action analyzes the vision of people that frequent the urban context. After that, we share this vision in direct comparison with decision-makers to develop the planning and design solutions. The final result is a draft of the hypothetical Plan of the Urban University Center. In this way, the bottom-up and top-down approaches are useful to match the need of the community that uses the area with the vision of urban space development of decision-makers, reducing the conflicts that can arise between different institutional levels. In this study, it also emerges that the urban question is not green areas vs. new buildings, but it is important to focus on the social use of the space to develop human well-being. With the right transition of information and knowledge between different institutional levels, the bottom-up and top-down approaches help develop an operative effective transdisciplinary urban plan and design. Therefore, public participation with bottom-up and top-down approaches is not a tool to obtain maximum consensus, but mainly a moment of confrontation to better address social issues in urban planning and design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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Review

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18 pages, 1540 KiB

Open AccessReview

From City- to Site-Dimension: Assessing the Urban Ecosystem Services of Different Types of Green Infrastructure

by Patrycia Brzoska and Aiga Spāģe

Land 2020, 9(5), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050150 - 14 May 2020

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6638

Abstract

Cities have a wide variety of green infrastructure types, such as parks and gardens. These structures can provide important ecosystem services (ES) with a major impact on human well-being. With respect to urban planning, special consideration must be given to such green infrastructure types when implementing measures to maintain and enhance the quality of life. Therefore, generating knowledge on the urban ES of differently scaled green infrastructure types is important. This systematic literature review provides an overview of existing studies which have explicitly investigated the urban ES of differently spatial-scaled green infrastructure types. By reviewing 76 publications, we confirm rising academic interest in this topic. The most frequently assessed urban ES belong to the category Regulating and Maintenance. Only a few have considered individual small structures such as green roofs or single gardens; green spaces are often aggregated into one, mostly city-wide, object of investigation, with resulting oversimplifications. Moreover, generalizing methods are mostly applied. Simultaneously, many studies have applied methods to evaluate location-specific primary data. More research is needed on small-scale structures, in particular to consider site-, and thus location-specific, parameters in order to successfully implement the ES concept into urban planning and to obtain realistic results for ES assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Ecosystem Services)

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