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Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D...
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Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D Landscape Metrics

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 16300

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Afshin Afshari

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Guest Editor
Manager, Urban Physics Modeling Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Fraunhoferstr. 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
Interests: urban microclimate; mesoscale and microscale climate modeling; simplified urban canopy representations; urban heat island assessment
Dr. Julian Vogel

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Guest Editor
Research Scientist, Urban Physics Modeling Group, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Fraunhoferstr. 10, 83626 Valley, Germany
Interests: mesoscale and microscale climate modeling; urban heat island assessment; landscape metrics; urban morphology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The journal Land is launching a Special Issue on ‘Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D Landscape Metrics’.

Cities and their associated anthropogenic activities exacerbate global warming. The urban heat island (UHI) has been shown to account for a significant and rising share of overall urban warming. Urban planners and decision-makers express the need for a detailed quantitative understanding of urban climate dynamics to effectively develop sustainable UHI mitigation and adaptation strategies. An active area of research that is directly relevant to this Special Issue is the physical and empirical investigation of the intensity and spatial variability of the UHI and its correlation with the 2D/3D urban landscape metrics characterizing urban morphology, land cover/use, vegetation, and water bodies. It is well known, for instance, that impervious urban surfaces are correlated with high urban temperatures while vegetation and water bodies have a cooling effect.

The Special Issue includes (but is not limited to) the following topics:

  • Analysis and integration of mesoscale/microscale climate modeling, in-situ observations, satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST)
  • Correlating urban landscape metrics to the difference between LST and air temperature
  • Sensitivity study and optimization of urban form to reduce UHI
  • Impact of landscape composition/configuration, especially when it comes to green spaces
  • Impact of anthropogenic heat release density across the city
  • Identification of spatial clusters of hot and cold spots
  • Multi-city comparison
  • Geographically weighted regression
  • Long-term trend of UHI based on the evolution of landscape metrics
  • Proper selection of scale for the spatial analysis of the UHI

Dr. Afshin Afshari
Dr. Julian Vogel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Urban landscape metrics
  • Urban heat island
  • Urban vegetation
  • Geographically weighted regression

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 6312 KiB  
Article
Linking Urban Sprawl and Surface Urban Heat Island in the Teresina–Timon Conurbation Area in Brazil
by Eduilson Carneiro, Wilza Lopes and Giovana Espindola
Land 2021, 10(5), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10050516 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3143
Abstract
Negative consequences of urban growing disparities usually lead to impressive levels of segregation, marginalization, and injustices, particularly in the context of climate change. Understanding the relations between urban expansion and social vulnerability has become extremely necessary for municipality management and sustainable urban development. [...] Read more.
Negative consequences of urban growing disparities usually lead to impressive levels of segregation, marginalization, and injustices, particularly in the context of climate change. Understanding the relations between urban expansion and social vulnerability has become extremely necessary for municipality management and sustainable urban development. Although the study of urbanization in Latin America (LA) has been well discussed, little attention has been given to how the population is affected by urban expansion-oriented movement after the 2008 economic crisis. Massive investments in infrastructure displaced the population to peripheral zones without adequate urban planning, which reflected in alteration in land use and land cover (LULC), followed by environmental impacts and public health issues caused by thermal discomfort, notably in semiarid regions. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of urban sprawl on the Teresina–Timon conurbation (TTC) area’s local population, located in Brazil’s northeast. Descriptive metrics (Moran’s I statistic and social vulnerability index) and orbital products derived from remote sensing—LULC and Land surface temperature (LST) maps—were applied. The results indicated that the housing program ‘My House My Life’ (PMCMV) had increased the values of land consumption per capita since 2009 significantly, showing a clear expanding trend. The gradual replacement of green areas by residential settlements resulted in an increased LST. The PMCMV program contributed substantially to a change in land use and land cover, which increased the extent of urbanized areas and changed the local microclimate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D Landscape Metrics)
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24 pages, 4417 KiB  
Article
Remotely Sensed Derived Land Surface Temperature (LST) as a Proxy for Air Temperature and Thermal Comfort at a Small Geographical Scale
by Ran Goldblatt, Abdullah Addas, Daynan Crull, Ahmad Maghrabi, Gabriel Gene Levin and Steven Rubinyi
Land 2021, 10(4), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040410 - 13 Apr 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 6243
Abstract
Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) and Urban Cool Islands (UCIs) can be measured by means of in situ measurements and interpolation methods, which often require densely distributed networks of sensors and can be time-consuming, expensive and in many cases infeasible. The use of satellite [...] Read more.
Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) and Urban Cool Islands (UCIs) can be measured by means of in situ measurements and interpolation methods, which often require densely distributed networks of sensors and can be time-consuming, expensive and in many cases infeasible. The use of satellite data to estimate Land Surface Temperature (LST) and spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has emerged in the last decade as a promising technique to map Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHIs), primarily at large geographical scales. Furthermore, thermal comfort, the subjective perception and experience of humans of micro-climates, is also an important component of UHIs. It remains unanswered whether LST can be used to predict thermal comfort. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of remotely sensed data, including a derived LST, at a small geographical scale, in the case study of King Abdulaziz University (KAU) campus (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) and four surrounding neighborhoods. We evaluate the potential use of LST estimates as proxy for air temperature (Tair) and thermal comfort. We estimate LST based on Landsat-8 measurements, Tair and other climatological parameters by means of in situ measurements and subjective thermal comfort by means of a Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) model. We find a significant correlation (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) between LST and mean Tair and the compatibility of LST and Tair as equivalent measures using Bland-Altman analysis. We evaluate several models with LST, NDVI, and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) as data inputs to proxy Tair and find that they achieve error rates across metrics that are two orders of magnitude below that of a comparison with LST and Tair alone. We also find that, using only remotely sensed data, including LST, NDVI, and NDBI, random forest classifiers can detect sites with “very hot” classification of thermal comfort nearly as effectively as estimates using in situ data, with one such model attaining an F1 score of 0.65. This study demonstrates the potential use of remotely sensed measurements to infer the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and subjective thermal comfort at small geographical scales as well as the impacts of land cover and land use characteristics on UHI and UCI. Such insights are fundamental for sustainable urban planning and would contribute enormously to urban planning that considers people’s well-being and comfort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D Landscape Metrics)
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Graphical abstract

23 pages, 15379 KiB  
Article
Outdoor Thermal Comfort Study on a District Level as Part of the Housing Programs in Abu Dhabi and Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
by Lindita Bande, Rahma Adan, Kim Young, Raghad Ghazal, Mukesh Jha, Amna Aldarmaki, Atmah Aldhaheri, Asma Alneyadi, Sharina Aldhaheri and Mira Khalifa
Land 2021, 10(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10030264 - 05 Mar 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3410
Abstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has witnessed fast growth in urban development in the past four decades. A plan to build 7270 houses by 2021 has been initiated by the local authorities. Different local sustainability guidelines are being implemented, including the Public Realm [...] Read more.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has witnessed fast growth in urban development in the past four decades. A plan to build 7270 houses by 2021 has been initiated by the local authorities. Different local sustainability guidelines are being implemented, including the Public Realm Manual in Abu Dhabi. These local guidelines are tailored to consider the hot and arid climate of the UAE as well as the applied materials, the inclusion of greenery, shading devices, etc. Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Al Ain are cities that have imposed the application of such guidelines. Additionally, the newly developed housing programs match the governmental plan. To understand the effect of these design programs on the outdoor thermal comfort (OTC), further investigations are necessary for each city. The most widely built prototype is detached villas, which result in untreated waste areas without shading or greenery. In the old local neighborhoods, Arabic houses were built next to each other to maximize the shading and to ease pedestrians’ walkability. This study aims to examine the districts where the housing programs are applied and to determine the most effective strategy to minimize the outdoor air temperatures and enhance walkability. The methodology implements the following processes in order: district analyses of the buildings as well as the externally applied materials, microclimate site measurements, ENVI-met (main software used) models of the current and future scenarios, results and recommendations. The strategies have different impacts in both cites due to the microclimate and other conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D Landscape Metrics)
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16 pages, 37832 KiB  
Article
The Gradient Effect on the Relationship between the Underlying Factor and Land Surface Temperature in Large Urbanized Region
by Yixu Wang, Mingxue Xu, Jun Li, Nan Jiang, Dongchuan Wang, Lei Yao and Ying Xu
Land 2021, 10(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/land10010020 - 29 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2677
Abstract
Although research relating to the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon has been significantly increasing in recent years, there is still a lack of a continuous and clear recognition of the potential gradient effect on the UHI—landscape relationship within large urbanized regions. In this [...] Read more.
Although research relating to the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon has been significantly increasing in recent years, there is still a lack of a continuous and clear recognition of the potential gradient effect on the UHI—landscape relationship within large urbanized regions. In this study, we chose the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, which is a large scaled urban agglomeration in China, as the case study area. We examined the causal relationship between the LST variation and underlying surface characteristics using multi-temporal land cover and summer average land surface temperature (LST) data as the analyzed variables. This study then further discussed the modeling performance when quantifying their relationship from a spatial gradient perspective (the grid size ranged from 6 to 24 km), by comparing the ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) methods. The results indicate that: (1) both the OLS and GWR analysis confirmed that the composition of built-up land contributes as an essential factor that is responsible for the UHI phenomenon in a large urban agglomeration region; (2) for the OLS, the modeled relationship between the LST and its drive factor showed a significant spatial gradient effect, changing with different spatial analysis grids; and, (3) in contrast, using the GWR model revealed a considerably robust and better performance for accommodating the spatial non-stationarity with a lower scale dependence than that of the OLS model. This study highlights the significant spatial heterogeneity that is related to the UHI effect in large-extent urban agglomeration areas, and it suggests that the potential gradient effect and uncertainty induced by different spatial scale and methodology usage should be considered when modeling the UHI effect with urbanization. This would supplement current UHI study and be beneficial for deepening the cognition and enlightenment of landscape planning for UHI regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Correlating Local Spatial Variability of Urban Heat Island to 2D/3D Landscape Metrics)
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