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Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering
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Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2023) | Viewed by 8120

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Atlar

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
Interests: hydrodynamic ship design; powering and propulsion; cavitation; underwater radiated noise
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Savas Sezen

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Interests: numerical modelling; cavitation; CFD; acoustics; ship hydrodynamics; underwater radiated noise; marine propellers; hydroacoustics; noise mitigation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Considerable maritime transport and commercial shipping growth in the oceans has increased anthropogenic ambient underwater noise (URN) levels, which have been surging over the last several years. The significant increase in URN levels induced by shipping activities has negatively influenced the marine ecosystem since several marine mammals utilise sound actively as a primary source for their fundamental living activities such as communication, interaction, orientation, and feeding. Therefore, the rapid increase in ambient noise levels causes alteration in the behaviour of marine mammals, and even endangers their survival. Despite these significant harmful effects of URN on marine fauna, this topic has been given low priority in the shipping industry compared to other sustainability topics such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the increased concern for URN has escalated, and it is becoming of great interest. In this regard, IMO has recently accepted the proposal to review the existing guideline to mitigate ship-induced URN. Among the different noise sources within a ship, a cavitating propeller is the most important, and dominates the overall URN. Thus, cavitation dynamics are of the utmost importance for accurately predicting URN.

Within the above framework, this Special Issue aims to publish state-of-the-art numerical and experimental studies in the field of hydrodynamics, cavitation dynamics, and URN.

Prof. Dr. Mehmet Atlar
Dr. Savas Sezen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrodynamics
  • cavitation
  • underwater radiated noise
  • cavitation dynamics
  • ship propeller
  • hydroacoustics

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 5032 KiB  
Article
Experimental Parameters Influencing the Cavitation Noise of an Oscillating NACA0015 Hydrofoil
by Leonie S. Föhring, Peter Møller Juhl and Dietrich Wittekind
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11102023 - 20 Oct 2023
Viewed by 893
Abstract
The strong increase in anthropogenic underwater noise has caused a growing intention to design quieter ships given that ship propellers are one of the dominating noise sources along the worldwide shipping routes. This creates an imminent demand for deeper knowledge on the noise [...] Read more.
The strong increase in anthropogenic underwater noise has caused a growing intention to design quieter ships given that ship propellers are one of the dominating noise sources along the worldwide shipping routes. This creates an imminent demand for deeper knowledge on the noise generation mechanisms of propeller cavitation. A cavitating, oscillating two-dimensional NACA0015 hydrofoil is analyzed with hydrophone and high-speed video recording as a simplified and manipulatable representative of a propeller blade in a ship’s wake field for the identification of major influencing parameters on the radiated noise. A pneumatic drive allows the application of asymmetrical temporal courses of the angle of attack, a novel amendment to the widely reported sinusoidal setups. Three different courses are tested with various cavitation numbers. The combination of a moderate angle increase and a rapid decrease is found to generate significantly higher pressure peaks compared to symmetrical angular courses. Considering that the rapid change of the angle of attack caused by the inhomogeneous wake field behind the hull is the core of the cavitation occurrence, the understanding of its influence may contribute to the design of quieter ships in the future while still allowing for the necessary high propeller efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering)
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14 pages, 4098 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation Analysis of the Submarine Drilling-Rig Bit Flow-Noise Characteristics
by Jingwei Xu, Yi Xi, Buyan Wan, Xianglin Tian and Weicai Quan
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(10), 1845; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11101845 - 22 Sep 2023
Viewed by 765
Abstract
In cone penetration test (CPT) based on submarine drilling rigs, encountering harder soil layers requires drill-bit rotation. During this process, the flow noise generated by seawater flushing the drill bit propagates along the drill pipe with the detection signal, leading to signal distortion. [...] Read more.
In cone penetration test (CPT) based on submarine drilling rigs, encountering harder soil layers requires drill-bit rotation. During this process, the flow noise generated by seawater flushing the drill bit propagates along the drill pipe with the detection signal, leading to signal distortion. To improve the accuracy of the received signal and mitigate the impact of flow noise on CPT results, numerical simulation software (Fluent 18.0) was employed to investigate the flow-noise characteristics within the drill-bit borehole during seawater flushing. The effects of key parameters on flow noise are analyzed, and structural optimization to reduce flow noise is conducted. The findings reveal that the noise in the drill-bit flow channel increases as the inlet flow velocity increases. When the flow velocity increases from 10 to 20 m/s, the maximum noise value increases by nearly 30 dB. Similarly, as the rotational speed of the drill pipe increases from 500 to 1500 rpm, the maximum noise value increases three-fold. Furthermore, increasing the inclination angle of the guide hole appropriately reduces the fluid noise in the drill-bit flow channel. For instance, increasing the inclination angle from 0 to 30° reduces the maximum noise by 18.75%. It is important to note that under different flow velocities and rotational speeds, the flow noise is primarily concentrated in the low-frequency band. These results offer valuable insights for the low-noise flow-field optimization design and have significant implications for enhancing the accuracy of wireless acoustic CPT signal reception. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering)
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19 pages, 4323 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Investigation of Supercavitation Vehicle’s Hydrodynamic Noise
by Jiacheng Ye, Jing Zhang, Yuebing Wang and Peng Zhao
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051004 - 8 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1422
Abstract
This paper presents the simulation results of the acoustic field around an underwater supercavitation vehicle under various operating conditions and analyzes the cavitation phenomenon and the hydrodynamic noise spectrum. Regarding the ventilated cavitation phenomenon, the simulation shows that low vehicle speed can reduce [...] Read more.
This paper presents the simulation results of the acoustic field around an underwater supercavitation vehicle under various operating conditions and analyzes the cavitation phenomenon and the hydrodynamic noise spectrum. Regarding the ventilated cavitation phenomenon, the simulation shows that low vehicle speed can reduce the threshold of the ventilated supercavitation, and high background pressure can enhance the stability of the supercavitation structure. As for hydrodynamic noise, firstly, the simulation results reveal that when cavitation occurs, the noise spectrum exhibits several characteristic peaks near 1 kHz and between 3 and 10 kHz. The overall noise amplitude demonstrates a descending trend between 10 and 40 kHz. Further, under natural cavitation conditions, a characteristic peak is detectable between 40 and 80 kHz. The influence of the operating conditions on the noise is essentially achieved by altering the scale of the cavitation flow: with the growth of the bubble flow scale, the noise between 3 and 10 kHz first increases and then decreases due to its own pulsation and the masking effect, while the noise between 10 to 40 kHz substantially reduces. On the other hand, if the scale expansion of bubble flow is related to the increase of ventilation flow, the noise amplitude near 1 kHz will increase significantly. These results provide theoretical support for studying the supercavitation vehicles’ noise and applying the ventilated supercavitation technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering)
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29 pages, 30183 KiB  
Article
Multiphase Flow Simulation of ITTC Standard Cavitator for Underwater Radiated Noise Prediction
by Antti Hynninen, Ville Viitanen, Jukka Tanttari, Rhena Klose, Claudio Testa and Jussi Martio
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040820 - 12 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1249
Abstract
This work focuses on the main issues related to noise measurements in cavitation tunnels. The scope of the paper is to twofold: to obtain a better understanding on the main phenomena underlying experiments and to define consistent cavitation tunnel measurement corrections for background [...] Read more.
This work focuses on the main issues related to noise measurements in cavitation tunnels. The scope of the paper is to twofold: to obtain a better understanding on the main phenomena underlying experiments and to define consistent cavitation tunnel measurement corrections for background noise, wall reflections, and distance normalisation. To this aim, the acoustic field generated by the ITTC standard cavitator model inside a cavitation tunnel is predicted by Lighthill’s acoustic analogy and solved through a finite element method that inherently accounts for the presence of the walls. Sources of sound detection relies on two multiphase CFD solvers, namely, the homogeneous mixture model—Volume of Fluid method and the Euler–Euler formulations. Starting from the computation of the sound pressure level in the free field with the assumption of spherical spreading without absorption, corrections from losses and spreading are detected by the above approach. Background-corrected sound pressure levels are identified and then compared with the source levels measured in the cavitation tunnel of the Potsdam Model Basin (SVA). It is found that free-field computations corrected by tunnel-induced effects match well with experiments up to 100 Hz (in the one-third octave band), whereas relevant discrepancies arise out of this range that need further investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering)
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16 pages, 2682 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Response of a Vibrating Elongated Cylinder in a Hydrodynamic Turbulent Flow
by Giacomo Rismondo, Marta Cianferra and Vincenzo Armenio
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121918 - 6 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1005
Abstract
The present paper contains the results of the numerical analysis of the interaction between a Newtonian incompressible turbulent flow and a linear elastic slender body, together with the influence of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) on the noise generation and propagation. The purpose is [...] Read more.
The present paper contains the results of the numerical analysis of the interaction between a Newtonian incompressible turbulent flow and a linear elastic slender body, together with the influence of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) on the noise generation and propagation. The purpose is to evaluate the differences in term of acoustic pressure between the case where the solid body is rigid (infinite stiffness) and the case where it is elastic (finite stiffness). A partitioned and implicit algorithm with the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method (ALE) is used for the interaction between the fluid and solid. For the evaluation of the turbulent fluid motion, we use a large eddy simulation (LES) with the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. The equation for the solid is solved through the Lagrangian description of the momentum equation and the second Piola–Kirchoff stress tensor. In addition, the acoustic analogy of Lighthill is used to characterize the acoustic source (the slender body) by directly using the fluid dynamic fields. In particular, we use the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) equation for the evaluation of the acoustic pressure in the fluid medium. As a first numerical experiment, we analyze a square cylinder immersed in a turbulent flow characterized by two different values of stiffness: one infinite (rigid case) and one finite (elastic case). In the latter case, the body stiffness and mean flow velocity are such that they induce the lock-in phenomenon. Finally, we evaluate the differences in terms of acoustic pressure between the two different cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering)
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16 pages, 3980 KiB  
Article
Acoustic Source Characterization of Marine Propulsors
by Jukka Tanttari and Antti Hynninen
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(9), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091273 - 9 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1567
Abstract
Marine propulsors represent one of the most important contributors among anthropogenic sounds radiated into water. Blade based propulsors, e.g., propellers, generate tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics, especially in cavitating conditions. In addition to hydrodynamic noise, pressure fluctuations cause vibrations [...] Read more.
Marine propulsors represent one of the most important contributors among anthropogenic sounds radiated into water. Blade based propulsors, e.g., propellers, generate tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics, especially in cavitating conditions. In addition to hydrodynamic noise, pressure fluctuations cause vibrations in ship hull leading to mechanical noise. For noise prediction purposes, it is highly beneficial to characterize the noise sources as simplified, complex valued arrays having information on source positions, source strengths and phases. In this paper, procedure to characterize marine propulsors as acoustic sources with inverse method is introduced. First, the numerical model with complete hydro-acoustic sources is investigated. Second, a source model composed of sensible number and distribution of elementary (“equivalent”) compact sources is specified. Then selected responses are used as input in source characterization with inverse method. Finally, the model with equivalent sources is solved and the results are validated by comparison against the results from the complete simulation model. The introduced acoustic source characterization procedure of marine propulsors is applicable also for the responses determined experimentally, e.g., in a cavitation tunnel when the pressure transducer array is determined appropriately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Dynamics, and Underwater Radiated Noise in Ocean Engineering)
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