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Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F4: Critical Energy Infrastructure".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 23731

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Artur Kierzkowski

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Guest Editor

Department of Technical Systems Operation and Maintenance, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wyb. Wyspianskiego Str., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: air transport management; airport management; boarding management; resilience of airport processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tomasz Kisiel

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Guest Editor

Department of Technical Systems Operation and Maintenance, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wyb. Wyspianskiego Str., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: air transport management, modelling of airport processes; maintenance and operation, reliability and safety of the anthropo-technical systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Franciszek Restel

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Guest Editor

Department of Technical Systems Operation and Maintenance, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wyb. Wyspianskiego Str., 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
Interests: railway transport management, modelling of railway processes; maintenance and operation, reliability and safety of the anthropo-technical systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Complex transportation systems are dependent on their power supply. The dependency is strong in both directions. The transportation system needs an appropriate power supply to maintain correct operation. On the other hand, the power supply system needs the correct system operation to exclude overloads and breakdowns. This interconnection can be investigated using the resilience and robustness approach. Robustness provides information regarding how the transportation system and its power supply can withstand disruptions and failures. Resilience offers information regarding how fast systems can return to correct operation. All types of transportation systems are closely connected to power supply systems, the railway, air transport, intermodal transport, maritime transport, city transport, as well as road transport. The aim of the Special Issue is to find new approaches for the resilience and robustness of transportation systems with respect to their power supply. All methods and approaches are welcome—reliability and risk assessment, as well as analytical and simulation modeling.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:
• New approaches regarding the resilience and robustness of transportation systems;
• Transportation system modeling, simulation, and analysis;
• Modeling and optimization of transportation systems;
• Modeling, simulation, and design of resilient transportation networks;
• Transportation systems monitoring, protection, and control.

Prof. Dr. Artur Kierzkowski
Dr. Tomasz Kisiel
Dr. Franciszek Restel
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

critical infrastructure
transportation system analysis, modeling, and simulation
resilience of transport systems
resilience assessment
monitoring of transport infrastructure
transportation system risk and protection

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying

by Artur Kierzkowski and Agnieszka A. Tubis

Energies 2023, 16(8), 3586; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083586 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202

Abstract

Transport plays an important role in the economy of a given country or region [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 3612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Simulation of Crude Oil Sea–River Transshipment System in China’s Yangtze River Basin

by Yan Yang and Qiang Zhou

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2521; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062521 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

China’s Yangtze River Basin has an increasingly strong demand for crude oil. As a seaborne import port for crude oil, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port is under pressure to undertake the transshipment of crude oil to various oil terminals in the Yangtze River Basin. To alleviate the stress of crude oil transportation in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, the port operator proposed the crude oil sea–river transshipment scheme in Nantong Port. Therefore, this paper aims to verify the feasibility of this scheme. We used the discrete event system modeling and entity relationship diagram method to construct the hierarchical and concept models of the Yangtze River Basin’s crude oil sea–river transportation system. Furthermore, we developed corresponding simulation modules on the Witness platform and carried out a simulation experiment of the crude oil sea–river transfer scheme. In the experiment, we analyzed the influence of the transshipment ratio on berth utilization, waiting time, and sailing time of other ports by adjusting the parameter of the transshipment ratio. The experimental results show that when the transshipment rate reaches 100%, the utilization rates of loading and unloading berth in Nantong Port are 4% and 13%, respectively, which evidences that Nantong Port has transshipment potential. At the same time, the simulation experiment’s statistical indicators, such as the utilization rate of oil berths, the queuing time of oil tankers, and the sailing time, not only confirm the feasibility of the crude oil sea–river transshipment scheme of Nantong Port but also confirm that the scheme is helpful to improve crude oil transportation efficiency. The simulation results benefit the port operation decision, and the established model and simulation module can be encapsulated and reused. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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16 pages, 1440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Analysis of Selected Factors Improving the Cargo Susceptibility to Modal Shift

by Mateusz Zając

Energies 2022, 15(23), 8811; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238811 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1255

Abstract

The issue of shifting loads from road to rail is always vivid when it comes to reducing CO₂ emissions from transport. Practically not every load transported by road vehicles over a long distance can be transferred to rail. Additionally, the potential of the railway lines is limited, which means that the network is not able to accept huge amounts of loads from road transport. In the article, attention was paid to the typology of cargo susceptible to changing the means of transport. The article discusses the factors influencing the real possibility of CO₂ reduction by changing the mode of transport. The analysis and calculation example of the selected region in Poland is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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17 pages, 2455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Railway Timetable Evaluation Method in Terms of Operational Robustness against Overloads of the Power Supply System

by Franciszek Restel and Szymon Mateusz Haładyn

Energies 2022, 15(17), 6458; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176458 - 4 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1286

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to develop a method for assessing the level of robustness of timetabled transport performance in rail transport. When the railway lines are supplied by DC networks, lower voltages are observed, and consequently, current values are often ten times higher than in AC networks. This is an operational problem, as high currents make it easier to overload the supply network. Based on a literature review, the authors show that the problem of running railway traffic when the capacity of the power supply network is limited (by the size of the permitted currents) is not well studied. The authors propose a method based on the Markov approach supplemented by classical theoretical vehicle traffic dynamics to improve the operational robustness of the rail transport system using DC power supply system. Each train run was parameterised in such a way that it is possible to determine the state that the train is in during the run, the transitions between states, and the determination of the probabilities of occurrence of such states. On the other hand, classical vehicle dynamics was used to assess the load generated by the train on the power grid. The proposed method—reduced to a function—was verified using a case study. The method of timetable reconfiguration proposed by the authors increased the operational robustness from 0.9454 to 0.9774. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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24 pages, 5231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment of Human Factors of Logistic Handling of Deliveries at an LNG Terminal

by Agnieszka A. Tubis, Emilia T. Skupień, Stefan Jankowski and Jacek Ryczyński

Energies 2022, 15(8), 2750; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082750 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2581

Abstract

There has been growing interest in fuel supply chains regarding transport safety and LNG reloading. This is due to the increasing consumption of this gas in the economy to create sustainable transport systems. Poland is in the phase of energy transformation, which increases the demand for this type of alternative fuel. For this reason, the number of logistic operations carried out by Polish sea terminals handling LNG deliveries is increasing. This article aims to present a method for assessing the risk of adverse events occurring during the logistic handling of LNG deliveries at a port terminal and its implementation for a selected LNG terminal in Poland. Fuzzy logic methodology was used to assess the risk due to the lack of access to specific historical data on identified events. The conducted analysis considers the guidelines applicable at the LNG terminal, described in the Terminal Operation Manual, and the specific reloading conditions occurring in the tested Polish gas terminal. Based on the analysis conducted in cooperation with experts, scenarios of possible adverse events were identified and subjected to a risk assessment. Based on the conducted analysis, those events were distinguished and their risk of occurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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18 pages, 4091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Reconfiguring Train Schedules Taking into Account the Global Reduction of Railway Energy Consumption

by Artur Kierzkowski and Szymon Haładyn

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051946 - 7 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2269

Abstract

The paper aims to propose a method of reconfiguring the train timetable, taking into account minimising the globally consumed energy for traction purposes. This is a very important issue in the context of rising electricity prices, alarming climate changes and the “Fit for 55” policy introduced in Europe. Each unit of energy saved contributes to improving the state of the planet and reducing the negative human impact on it. In this paper, the authors propose a model that, when applied, will reconfigure the timetable in terms of energy intensity and, as a result, reduce the impact of railways on the burden on the environment. It is proposed to introduce an interdependence between trajectories of electrical train movement. This interdependence is to take place so that it is possible to efficiently transfer the energy recovered during the braking of one train to another train, moving on the same section of the railway line and at the same time (i.e., without using energy storage devices). The paper provides a physical background to the considerations—discussing the movement of electric trains in the context of their energy intensity and the possibility of energy recovery; presenting the possibility of interconnecting trains in such a way that the energy from a train that is being braked can be efficiently used by a train that is being accelerated; presenting a method for making the linkages between trains (in the form of an original algorithm resulting from the application of the Delphi method) and implementing them in the timetable. The timetable for the application of the method is real and was obtained from the railway operator in Poland, as a mathematical–physical model describing the trajectory and energy consumption of the original, after which the proposed timetable was verified by running simulations and comparing the energy consumption of the original and the proposed timetable. It turned out that it is possible to achieve a global total energy demand reduction of up to 398 MWh/year. This proves the validity of using the proposed algorithm at the timetabling stage and extending its implementation to the entire network. Furthermore the authors also recognise the tendency of the algorithm to return repeatable solutions, which has the side effect of creating a cyclic timetable. Its implementation in Poland has proved impossible for many years. The application of the proposed method could change this unfavourable situation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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14 pages, 1037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of the Most Interconnected Sections of Main Gas Pipelines Using the Maximum Clique Method

by Sergey Vorobev, Anton Kolosnitsyn and Ilya Minarchenko

Energies 2022, 15(2), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020501 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1119

Abstract

This article is devoted to the definition of the most important combinations of objects in critical network infrastructures. This study was carried out using the example of the Russian gas transmission network. Since natural gas is widely used in the energy sector, the gas transmission network can be exposed to terrorist threats, and the actions of intruders can be directed at both gas fields and gas pipelines. A defender–attacker model was proposed to simulate attacks. In this model, the defender solves the maximum flow problem to satisfy the needs of gas consumers. By excluding gas pipelines, the attacker tries to minimize the maximum flow in the gas transmission network. Russian and European gas transmission networks are territorially very extensive and have a significant number of mutual intersections and redundant pipelines. Therefore, one of the approaches to inflicting maximum damage on the system is modeled as an attack on a clique. A clique in this study is several interconnected objects. The article presents the list of the most interconnected sections of main gas pipelines, the failure of which can cause the greatest damage to the system in the form of a gas shortage among consumers. Conclusions were drawn about the applicability of the maximum clique method for identifying the most important objects in network critical infrastructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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11 pages, 2800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Model for the Estimation of Energy Consumption of the Baggage Handling System in the Landside Area of the Airport

by Artur Kierzkowski and Tomasz Kisiel

Energies 2022, 15(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010256 - 31 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to develop a simulation model to perform a sensitivity analysis of the energy consumption of an airport baggage handling system to a change in resource allocation strategy. This is a novel approach as this aspect has not been considered until now. This aspect, in turn is very important in terms of sustainability. The paper presents the detailed structure of the model and the data on which it operates. It is universal and can be the basis for analyzing any structure of the baggage handling system in the landside of any airport. An example analysis has shown that even up to 35% benefits can be gained by using the model. Three scenarios were analyzed in the model (dedicated check-in desks scenario, common desks scenario and mixed strategy scenario). However, the model is not limited to these strategies and any resource allocation is possible. The model is useful both for planning a new system as well as optimizing an existing system during its operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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20 pages, 6352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Consumption When Transporting Pallet Loads Using a Forklift with an Anti Slip Pad Preventing Damage

by Pawel Zajac, Egidijus Dragasius and Tetiana Roik

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8423; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248423 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3333

Abstract

A large number of processes for transporting and handling palletized goods using a forklift in logistics centers is usually associated with an increase in pallet and load damage. Therefore, first of all, the “damage mechanism” was identified. A classic “state of the art” analysis was conducted. The paper presents the essence of the authors’ hybrid idea of:—locking the load;—while increasing the coefficient of friction between the pallet and the forks of the forklift; but so as not to compromise on the existing functionality of the forklift forks. The idea turned out to be an innovation that required intellectual property protection, hence it was not only described in a paper but also patented. It is about an extra element that is not standard on forklifts—a forklift fork attachment. The paper discusses mechanical damage to loads involving a forklift, load damage test results, anti-slip forklift attachment, computational model of the attachment, prototype, and real-world testing of the attachment on a forklift in a logistics center. Design data from the FEM calculation system, photos of:—the prototype with components,—the prototype on tests in the logistics center were made available. The paper concludes with a pallet and load damage study performed at a logistics center and an insulation panel factory. The level of accuracy of the publication is detailed enough that the reader can make the attachment on their own and, using the content of the paper, adapt it to the needs of their own logistics system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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12 pages, 2497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Designing Robust and Energy Efficient Railway Schedules

by Franciszek Restel, Łukasz Wolniewicz and Matea Mikulčić

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8248; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248248 - 8 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2155

Abstract

The robustness of the timetable is a sensitive issue in the daily realization of railway operations. As shown in the paper, robustness is a function of time reserves that helps to prevent unscheduled stops resulting from traffic disruptions and causing a higher energy consumption. The correct handling of time reserves while scheduling is a multidimensional issue, and it has a significant influence on the energy consumption of railway traffic. Therefore, the paper aims to show a simulation-based method, taking into account failure occurring probabilities and their consequences to get an acceptable level of robustness, that can be quantified by the probability of no delay propagation. This paper presents a method for the addition of time margins to the railway timetable. The iterative time buffer adding method is based on operational data as a knowledge source, to achieve the punctuality target. It was verified on a real railway line. An analysis of energy consumption for unscheduled train stops depending on the added buffer time was conducted after the literature review and the presentation of the evaluation model. The paper ends with discussion of the results and conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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11 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Model of Airport Security Lanes with Power Consumption Estimation

by Artur Kierzkowski, Tomasz Kisiel and Piotr Uchroński

Energies 2021, 14(20), 6725; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206725 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1594

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to develop a simulation model that allows simultaneous analysis of airport screening lane performance and power consumption per passenger served. These two issues have not yet been considered simultaneously in the scientific literature. So far, the focus has been placed on process performance. However, this paper shows, by performing an empirical study and applying the proposed model, that it is important to consider these two issues simultaneously. This will allow for the sustainable development of air transport. As a case study, three system configurations for single, dual and single fast screening lanes were analyzed. For each configuration, 3 different types of X-ray devices were checked, and the results were compared. The results showed that for example calculations with 2 million passengers handled per year, the gains could be as high as 4614 kWh/year. This article therefore shows that it is important to manage the process with power consumption in mind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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15 pages, 2508 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Feasibility of Reducing Operator-to-Passenger Contact for Passenger Screening at the Airport with Respect to the Power Consumption of the System

by Artur Kierzkowski and Tomasz Kisiel

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5943; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185943 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1741

Abstract

So far, airport security screening has only been analysed in terms of efficiency, level of service, and protection against any acts of unlawful interference. Screening procedures have not yet addressed the need to limit operator-to-passenger contact. However, the pandemic situation (COVID-19) has shown that it is a factor that can be a key protection for the health of passengers and operators. The purpose of this paper was to analyse the feasibility of reducing contact between operators and passengers in the airport security screening system by process management with respect to the power consumption of the system. Experimental research was conducted on a real system. A computer simulation was applied to estimate system performance and power consumption. The paper identifies the important findings that expand upon previous knowledge. The results showed that there are two key factors: the experience of operators and proper system structure. These factors can significantly reduce the number of operator-to-passenger contacts and, in parallel, provide lower energy consumption of the system. The results obtained in this article showed that proper management improves the process by up to 37%. This approach expands the World Health Organization’s policy of prevention against COVID-19 and helps to ensure sustainable process management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transportation Systems Modeling, Simulation and Analysis with Reference to Energy Supplying)

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