Next Issue
Volume 8, September
Previous Issue
Volume 8, July
 
 
From the start of 2016, the journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers to identify articles. If you are required to add page numbers to a citation, you can do with using a colon in the format [article number]:1–[last page], e.g. 10:1–20.

Symmetry, Volume 8, Issue 8 (August 2016) – 13 articles

  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
7222 KiB  
Article
Decoration of the Truncated Tetrahedron—An Archimedean Polyhedron—To Produce a New Class of Convex Equilateral Polyhedra with Tetrahedral Symmetry
by Stan Schein, Alexander J. Yeh, Kris Coolsaet and James M. Gayed
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080082 - 20 Aug 2016
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8114
Abstract
The Goldberg construction of symmetric cages involves pasting a patch cut out of a regular tiling onto the faces of a Platonic host polyhedron, resulting in a cage with the same symmetry as the host. For example, cutting equilateral triangular patches from a [...] Read more.
The Goldberg construction of symmetric cages involves pasting a patch cut out of a regular tiling onto the faces of a Platonic host polyhedron, resulting in a cage with the same symmetry as the host. For example, cutting equilateral triangular patches from a 6.6.6 tiling of hexagons and pasting them onto the full triangular faces of an icosahedron produces icosahedral fullerene cages. Here we show that pasting cutouts from a 6.6.6 tiling onto the full hexagonal and triangular faces of an Archimedean host polyhedron, the truncated tetrahedron, produces two series of tetrahedral (Td) fullerene cages. Cages in the first series have 28n2 vertices (n ≥ 1). Cages in the second (leapfrog) series have 3 × 28n2. We can transform all of the cages of the first series and the smallest cage of the second series into geometrically convex equilateral polyhedra. With tetrahedral (Td) symmetry, these new polyhedra constitute a new class of “convex equilateral polyhedra with polyhedral symmetry”. We also show that none of the other Archimedean polyhedra, six with octahedral symmetry and six with icosahedral, can host full-face cutouts from regular tilings to produce cages with the host’s polyhedral symmetry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyhedral Structures)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

648 KiB  
Review
Cosmological Reflection of Particle Symmetry
by Maxim Khlopov
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080081 - 20 Aug 2016
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4986
Abstract
The standard model involves particle symmetry and the mechanism of its breaking. Modern cosmology is based on inflationary models with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy, which involves physics beyond the standard model. Studies of the physical basis of modern cosmology combine direct searches for [...] Read more.
The standard model involves particle symmetry and the mechanism of its breaking. Modern cosmology is based on inflationary models with baryosynthesis and dark matter/energy, which involves physics beyond the standard model. Studies of the physical basis of modern cosmology combine direct searches for new physics at accelerators with its indirect non-accelerator probes, in which cosmological consequences of particle models play an important role. The cosmological reflection of particle symmetry and the mechanisms of its breaking are the subject of the present review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Symmetry Energy)
Show Figures

Figure 1

1561 KiB  
Article
Superconducting Gap Symmetry of LaFeP(O,F) Observed by Impurity Doping Effect
by Shigeki Miyasaka, Sinnosuke Suzuki and Setsuko Tajima
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080080 - 17 Aug 2016
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4015
Abstract
We have investigated Mn, Co and Ni substitution effects on polycrystalline samples of LaFePO0.95F0.05 by resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements. In LaFe1-xMxPO0.95F0.05 (M = Mn, Co and Ni), the superconducting transition temperature ( [...] Read more.
We have investigated Mn, Co and Ni substitution effects on polycrystalline samples of LaFePO0.95F0.05 by resistivity and magnetoresistance measurements. In LaFe1-xMxPO0.95F0.05 (M = Mn, Co and Ni), the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) monotonously decreases with increasing the impurity doping level of x. There is a clear difference of Tc suppression rates among Mn, Co and Ni doping cases, and the decreasing rate of Tc by Mn doping as a magnetic impurity is larger than those by the nonmagnetic doping impurities (Co/Ni). This result indicates that in LaFePO0.95F0.05, Tc is rapidly suppressed by the pair-breaking effect of magnetic impurities, and the pairing symmetry is a full-gapped s-wave. In the nonmagnetic impurity-doped systems, the residual resistivity in the normal state has nearly the same value when Tc becomes zero. The residual resistivity value is almost consistent with the universal value of sheet resistance for two-dimensional superconductors, suggesting that Tc is suppressed by electron localization in Co/Ni-doped LaFePO0.95F0.05. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry of the Order Parameter in Iron-Based Superconductors)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1019 KiB  
Article
Modeling Bottom-Up Visual Attention Using Dihedral Group D4
by Puneet Sharma
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080079 - 15 Aug 2016
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6444
Abstract
In this paper, first, we briefly describe the dihedral group D 4 that serves as the basis for calculating saliency in our proposed model. Second, our saliency model makes two major changes in a latest state-of-the-art model known as group-based asymmetry. First, based [...] Read more.
In this paper, first, we briefly describe the dihedral group D 4 that serves as the basis for calculating saliency in our proposed model. Second, our saliency model makes two major changes in a latest state-of-the-art model known as group-based asymmetry. First, based on the properties of the dihedral group D 4 , we simplify the asymmetry calculations associated with the measurement of saliency. This results is an algorithm that reduces the number of calculations by at least half that makes it the fastest among the six best algorithms used in this research article. Second, in order to maximize the information across different chromatic and multi-resolution features, the color image space is de-correlated. We evaluate our algorithm against 10 state-of-the-art saliency models. Our results show that by using optimal parameters for a given dataset, our proposed model can outperform the best saliency algorithm in the literature. However, as the differences among the (few) best saliency models are small, we would like to suggest that our proposed model is among the best and the fastest among the best. Finally, as a part of future work, we suggest that our proposed approach on saliency can be extended to include three-dimensional image data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Vision)
Show Figures

Figure 1

9253 KiB  
Article
Automatic Frequency Identification under Sample Loss in Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Signals Using an Iterative Autocorrelation Algorithm
by Alejandro Said, Yasser A. Davizón, Piero Espino-Román, Roberto Rodríguez-Said and Carlos Hernández-Santos
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080078 - 10 Aug 2016
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5567
Abstract
In this work, we present a simple algorithm to calculate automatically the Fourier spectrum of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Signal (SPWM). Modulated voltage signals of this kind are used in industry by speed drives to vary the speed of alternating current motors [...] Read more.
In this work, we present a simple algorithm to calculate automatically the Fourier spectrum of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Signal (SPWM). Modulated voltage signals of this kind are used in industry by speed drives to vary the speed of alternating current motors while maintaining a smooth torque. Nevertheless, the SPWM technique produces undesired harmonics, which yield stator heating and power losses. By monitoring these signals without human interaction, it is possible to identify the harmonic content of SPWM signals in a fast and continuous manner. The algorithm is based in the autocorrelation function, commonly used in radar and voice signal processing. Taking advantage of the symmetry properties of the autocorrelation, the algorithm is capable of estimating half of the period of the fundamental frequency; thus, allowing one to estimate the necessary number of samples to produce an accurate Fourier spectrum. To deal with the loss of samples, i.e., the scan backlog, the algorithm iteratively acquires and trims the discrete sequence of samples until the required number of samples reaches a stable value. The simulation shows that the algorithm is not affected by either the magnitude of the switching pulses or the acquisition noise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Systems Design and Analysis)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1565 KiB  
Article
The Role of Orthogonal Polynomials in Tailoring Spherical Distributions to Kurtosis Requirements
by Luca Bagnato, Mario Faliva and Maria Grazia Zoia
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080077 - 05 Aug 2016
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
This paper carries out an investigation of the orthogonal-polynomial approach to reshaping symmetric distributions to fit in with data requirements so as to cover the multivariate case. With this objective in mind, reference is made to the class of spherical distributions, given that [...] Read more.
This paper carries out an investigation of the orthogonal-polynomial approach to reshaping symmetric distributions to fit in with data requirements so as to cover the multivariate case. With this objective in mind, reference is made to the class of spherical distributions, given that they provide a natural multivariate generalization of univariate even densities. After showing how to tailor a spherical distribution via orthogonal polynomials to better comply with kurtosis requirements, we provide operational conditions for the positiveness of the resulting multivariate Gram–Charlier-like expansion, together with its kurtosis range. Finally, the approach proposed here is applied to some selected spherical distributions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Orthogonal Polynomials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

262 KiB  
Article
Almost Contact Metric Structures on 5-Dimensional Nilpotent Lie Algebras
by Nülifer Özdemir, Mehmet Solgun and Şirin Aktay
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080076 - 04 Aug 2016
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2898
Abstract
We study almost contact metric structures on 5-dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras and investigate the class of left invariant almost contact metric structures on corresponding Lie groups. We determine certain classes that a five-dimensional nilpotent Lie group can not be equipped with. Full article
6711 KiB  
Article
Fuzzy System-Based Face Detection Robust to In-Plane Rotation Based on Symmetrical Characteristics of a Face
by Hyung Gil Hong, Won Oh Lee, Yeong Gon Kim, Ki Wan Kim, Dat Tien Nguyen and Kang Ryoung Park
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080075 - 03 Aug 2016
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5849
Abstract
As face recognition technology has developed, it has become widely used in various applications such as door access control, intelligent surveillance, and mobile phone security. One of its applications is its adoption in TV environments to supply viewers with intelligent services and high [...] Read more.
As face recognition technology has developed, it has become widely used in various applications such as door access control, intelligent surveillance, and mobile phone security. One of its applications is its adoption in TV environments to supply viewers with intelligent services and high convenience. In a TV environment, the in-plane rotation of a viewer’s face frequently occurs because he or she may decide to watch the TV from a lying position, which degrades the accuracy of the face recognition. Nevertheless, there has been little previous research to deal with this problem. Therefore, we propose a new fuzzy system–based face detection algorithm that is robust to in-plane rotation based on the symmetrical characteristics of a face. Experimental results on two databases with one open database show that our method outperforms previous methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Complex Networks II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

3376 KiB  
Article
M&E-NetPay: A Micropayment System for Mobile and Electronic Commerce
by Xiaodi Huang, Jinsong Bao, Xiaoling Dai, Edwin Singh, Weidong Huang and Changqin Huang
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080074 - 03 Aug 2016
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 6454
Abstract
As an increasing number of people purchase goods and services online, micropayment systems are becoming particularly important for mobile and electronic commerce. We have designed and developed such a system called M&E-NetPay (Mobile and Electronic NetPay). With open interoperability and mobility, M&E-NetPay uses [...] Read more.
As an increasing number of people purchase goods and services online, micropayment systems are becoming particularly important for mobile and electronic commerce. We have designed and developed such a system called M&E-NetPay (Mobile and Electronic NetPay). With open interoperability and mobility, M&E-NetPay uses web services to connect brokers and vendors, providing secure, flexible and reliable credit services over the Internet. In particular, M&E-NetPay makes use of a secure, inexpensive and debit-based off-line protocol that allows vendors to interact only with customers, after validating coins. The design of the architecture and protocol of M&E-NetPay are presented, together with the implementation of its prototype in ringtone and wallpaper sites. To validate our system, we have conducted its evaluations on performance, usability and heuristics. Furthermore, we compare our system to the CORBA-based (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) off-line micro-payment systems. The results have demonstrated that M&E-NetPay outperforms the .NET-based M&E-NetPay system in terms of performance and user satisfaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Complex Networks II)
Show Figures

Figure 1

300 KiB  
Article
Broken versus Non-Broken Time Reversal Symmetry: Irreversibility and Response
by Sara Dal Cengio and Lamberto Rondoni
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080073 - 29 Jul 2016
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4571
Abstract
We review some approaches to macroscopic irreversibility from reversible microscopic dynamics, introducing the contribution of time dependent perturbations within the framework of recent developments in non-equilibrium statistical physics. We show that situations commonly assumed to violate the time reversal symmetry (presence of magnetic [...] Read more.
We review some approaches to macroscopic irreversibility from reversible microscopic dynamics, introducing the contribution of time dependent perturbations within the framework of recent developments in non-equilibrium statistical physics. We show that situations commonly assumed to violate the time reversal symmetry (presence of magnetic fields, rotating reference frames, and some time dependent perturbations) in reality do not violate this symmetry, and can be treated with standard theories and within standard experimental protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue CPT Symmetry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

488 KiB  
Article
Small-Amplitude Nonlinear Modes under the Combined Effect of the Parabolic Potential, Nonlocality and PT Symmetry
by Dmitry A. Zezyulin and Vladimir V. Konotop
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080072 - 28 Jul 2016
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3630
Abstract
We consider nonlinear modes of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with nonlocal nonlinearities and and PT -symmetric parabolic potential. We show that there exists a set of continuous families of nonlinear modes and study their linear stability in the limit of small nonlinearity. It [...] Read more.
We consider nonlinear modes of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with nonlocal nonlinearities and and PT -symmetric parabolic potential. We show that there exists a set of continuous families of nonlinear modes and study their linear stability in the limit of small nonlinearity. It is demonstrated that either PT symmetry or the nonlocality can be used to manage the stability of the small-amplitude nonlinear modes. The stability properties are also found to depend on the particular shape of the nonlocal kernel. Numerical simulations show that the stability results remain valid not only for the infinitesimally small nonlinear modes, but also for the modes of finite amplitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parity-Time Symmetry in Optics and Photonics)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

3673 KiB  
Article
SCPL: A Social Cooperative Programming Language to Automate Cooperative Processes in (A)Symmetric Social Networks
by José M. Conejero, Fernando Sánchez-Figueroa, Roberto Rodríguez-Echeverría and Juan Carlos Preciado
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080071 - 28 Jul 2016
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5212
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing use of social networks and applications—especially those used in an asymmetric way—has significantly changed the business processes in many organizations. These applications provide new cooperative ways of performing these processes by taking advantage of the interactions among users. [...] Read more.
In recent years, the increasing use of social networks and applications—especially those used in an asymmetric way—has significantly changed the business processes in many organizations. These applications provide new cooperative ways of performing these processes by taking advantage of the interactions among users. However, the high number of these applications has led to a lack of automation in their interactions and, thus, the need of manually connecting to these networks to perform recurrent and repetitive tasks. In order to automate these operations, this paper presents SCPL, a Domain Specific Language (DSL) that enables connectivity among different social networks and applications and provides a way to automate their management. The main contribution of this paper is showing how SCPL can be used to specify collaborative tasks using symmetric and asymmetric social networks in a transparent way. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Cooperative Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

1586 KiB  
Review
Unveiling the Dynamics of the Universe
by Pedro Avelino, Tiago Barreiro, C. Sofia Carvalho, Antonio Da Silva, Francisco S.N. Lobo, Prado Martín-Moruno, José Pedro Mimoso, Nelson J. Nunes, Diego Rubiera-García, Diego Sáez-Gómez, Lara Sousa, Ismael Tereno and Arlindo Trindade
Symmetry 2016, 8(8), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym8080070 - 26 Jul 2016
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6912
Abstract
We explore the dynamics and evolution of the Universe at early and late times, focusing on both dark energy and extended gravity models and their astrophysical and cosmological consequences. Modified theories of gravity not only provide an alternative explanation for the recent expansion [...] Read more.
We explore the dynamics and evolution of the Universe at early and late times, focusing on both dark energy and extended gravity models and their astrophysical and cosmological consequences. Modified theories of gravity not only provide an alternative explanation for the recent expansion history of the universe, but they also offer a paradigm fundamentally distinct from the simplest dark energy models of cosmic acceleration. In this review, we perform a detailed theoretical and phenomenological analysis of different modified gravity models and investigate their consistency. We also consider the cosmological implications of well motivated physical models of the early universe with a particular emphasis on inflation and topological defects. Astrophysical and cosmological tests over a wide range of scales, from the solar system to the observable horizon, severely restrict the allowed models of the Universe. Here, we review several observational probes—including gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters, cosmic microwave background temperature and polarization, supernova and baryon acoustic oscillations measurements—and their relevance in constraining our cosmological description of the Universe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry: Feature Papers 2016)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop