Vitamin D Insufficiency and Bone Mineral Status in a Population of Newcomer Children in Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study 1. Vitamin D Status of Canadian Immigrant and Non-Immigrant Children
2.2. Study 2. Healthy Immigrant Children (HIC)
2.2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2.2. Data Collection
2.2.3. Outcome Measures
2.2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Children aged 6–11 years | Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (Mean ± SEM) |
---|---|
All children ( n = 1,817,260) | 75.1 ± 2.4 |
Boys | 79.9 ± 2.0 |
Girls | 73.1 ± 3.0 |
Immigrant children ( n = 134,833) | 61.1 ± 5.9 * |
Immigrant boys | 69.0 ± 7.9 |
Immigrant girls | 54.1 ± 4.5 ** |
Non-immigrant children ( n = 1,682,427) | 76.2 ± 2.2 |
Non-immigrant boys | 77.5 ± 1.9 |
Non-immigrant girls | 74.7 ± 2.8 |
Characteristics | Immigrants n = 33 (45.8%) | Refugees n = 39 (54.2%) | All participants n = 72 (100%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Mean ± SD) | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 8.9 ± 1.3 | 8.9 ± 1.4 |
Sex | |||
Male | 22 (66.7%) | 26 (66.7%) | 48 (66.7%) |
Female | 11 (33.3%) | 13 (33.3%) | 24 (33.3%) |
Length of stay in Canada in years (Mean ± SD) | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.3 |
Height in cm (Mean ± SD) | 132.6 ± 13.2 | 130.3 ± 10.9 | 131.4 ± 12.0 |
Percentile Height (Mean ± SD) | 49.7 ± 31.1 | 42.6 ± 30.8 | 45.8 ± 31.0 |
Weight in kg (Mean ± SD) | 32.1 ± 10.6 | 29.9 ± 7.8 | 30.9 ± 9.2 |
Percentile Weight (Mean ± SD) | 68.8 ± 27.4 | 64.9 ± 28.8 | 66.7 ± 28.0 |
Physical activity in h/week (Mean ± SD) | 13.1 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 12.5 ± 4.6 |
Recommended level (≥60 min/day) | 29 (87.9%) | 34 (87.2%) | 63 (87.5%) |
Less than recommended level (<60 min/day) | 4 (12.1%) | 5 (12.8%) | 9 (12.5%) |
Characteristics | Immigrants n = 33 (45.8%) | Refugees n = 39 (54.2%) | All participants n = 72 (100%) |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D intake in IU/day (Mean ± SD) | 249 ± 247 | 181 ± 130 | 213 ± 195 |
Prevalence of vitamin D intake inadequacy [n (%)] | 25 (81%) * | 34 (97%) | 59 (89%) |
Calcium intake in mg | 764 ± 393 | 676 ± 380 | 718 ± 386 |
Prevalence of calcium intake inadequacy [n (%)] | 23 (74%) | 27 (77%) | 50 (76%) |
Milk and alternatives | |||
Mean intake (servings/day) | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.2 |
Meeting Canada’s Food Guide recommendations | 10 (32.3%) | 6 (17.1%) | 16 (24.2%) |
Healthy Eating Index Canada | |||
Mean Score | 65.4 ± 7.7 * | 60.4 ± 8.8 | 62.7 ± 8.6 |
Good Diet | 1 (3.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.5%) |
Diet Needs Improvement | 30 (96.8%) | 30 (85.7%) | 60 (90.9%) |
Poor Diet | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (14.3%) | 5 (7.6%) |
Characteristics | Immigrants n = 33 (45.8%) | Refugees n = 39 (54.2%) | All participants n = 72 (100%) |
---|---|---|---|
H/day spent in the sun during peak times (Mean ± SD) | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1.6 |
Sunscreen use | |||
always | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (5.1%) | 2 (2.8%) |
often | 4 (12.1%) | 0 (0.00%) | 4 (5.6%) |
sometimes | 5 (15.2%) | 10 (25.6%) | 15 (20.8%) |
rarely | 3 (9.1%) | 5 (12.8%) | 8 (11.1%) |
never | 21 (63.6%) | 22 (56.4%) | 43 (59.7%) |
Total serum vitamin D in nmol/L (Mean ± SD) | 45.7 ± 13.9 * | 37.8 ± 15.5 | 41.2 ± 15.2 |
Deficient and inadequate <50 nmol/L | 19 (63.3%) | 31 (79.5%) | 50 (72.5%) |
Sufficient ≥50 nmol/L | 11 (36.7%) | 8 (20.5%) | 19 (27.5%) |
Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) in grams (Mean ± SD) | 984.9 ± 245.0 | 947.8 ± 208.8 | 964.6 ± 224.9 |
Low TBBMC | 13 (41.9%) | 14 (35.9%) | 27 (38.6%) |
Outcome variable | Constant | Regression coefficient | Total R2 | |||
Height (cm) | Serum vitamin D (nmol/L) | |||||
TBBMC | −1257.33 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.82 | ||
Partial R2 | 0.90 | 0.27 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 | 0.047 | ||||
Outcome variable | Excluded variables | |||||
Sex | Region of origin | Age | Calcium (mg) | Calories (kcal) | Immigration Status | |
TBBMC | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.12 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
Partial R2 | 0.03 | −0.20 | −0.17 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
p-value | 0.832 | 0.147 | 0.227 | 0.353 | 0.323 | 0.408 |
Outcome variable | Excluded variables | |||||
H/week in physical activities | Food security | Magnesium (mg) | Phosphorous (mg) | Sodium (mg) | Caffeine (mg) | |
TBBMC | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.03 |
Partial R2 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.11 | −0.08 | −0.06 |
p-value | 0.805 | 0.095 | 0.419 | 0.434 | 0.574 | 0.660 |
4. Interpretation
5. Conclusion
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Vatanparast, H.; Nisbet, C.; Gushulak, B. Vitamin D Insufficiency and Bone Mineral Status in a Population of Newcomer Children in Canada. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1561-1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5051561
Vatanparast H, Nisbet C, Gushulak B. Vitamin D Insufficiency and Bone Mineral Status in a Population of Newcomer Children in Canada. Nutrients. 2013; 5(5):1561-1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5051561
Chicago/Turabian StyleVatanparast, Hassanali, Christine Nisbet, and Brian Gushulak. 2013. "Vitamin D Insufficiency and Bone Mineral Status in a Population of Newcomer Children in Canada" Nutrients 5, no. 5: 1561-1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5051561