Fumonisin B1 Toxicity in Grower-Finisher Pigs: A Comparative Analysis of Genetically Engineered Bt Corn and non-Bt Corn by Using Quantitative Dietary Exposure Assessment Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analytical Model
- Scenario 1: Blended diet (Bt grain, non-Bt grain, Bt-DDGS and non-Bt DDGS)
- Scenario 2: Bt grain and Bt DDGS
- Scenario 3: non-Bt grain and non-Bt DDGS
- Scenario 4: Bt and non-Bt grain
- Scenario 5: Bt grain
- Scenario 6: non-Bt grain
2.2. Exposure Characterization and Model Parameterization
2.3. Agronomic Management
2.4. Effects Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Deterministic Results
3.2. Semi-Stochastic Results
- Scenario 1: Blended diet (95% of occasions)
- Scenario 2: Bt-grain and Bt DDGS (85% of occasions)
- Scenario 3: non-Bt and non-Bt DDGS (95% of occasions)
- Scenario 4: Bt-grain and non-Bt grain (90% of occasions)
- Scenario 5: Bt grain (70% of occasions)
- Scenario 6: non-Bt grain (95% of occasions)
4. Discussion
Uncertainties in Assessment
Acknowledgments
References
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Input Parameter | Deterministic | Semi-stochastic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Rationale | Distribution | Parameters | |
Specific Week in Grower-Finisher | Discrete | range: 1 to 20 | ||
Phase, (week, wk)2 | 10.00 | midpoint | Uniform | |
Body Weight2, kg | 79.4 | FICC2 | BW = f(wk) | FICC2 |
Bt Use Fraction, (BUF)3 | 0.76 | maximum | Generalized | min = 0.47 |
Beta4 | max = 0.69 | |||
mean = 0.57 | ||||
mode = 0.49 | ||||
p = 1.02 | ||||
q = 1.23 | ||||
DDGS Use Fraction, (DUF)5 | 0.30 | maximum | maximum | |
Total corn intake fraction (TCIF), kg corn/kg diet6 | 0.820 | TCIF=f(BW) | TCIF = f(BW) | |
Fumonisin B1 concentration in Bt grain, mg FB1/kg corn, ([FB1]Bt) | 2.05 | arithmetic mean | empirical CDF7 | min = 0.01 |
1% = 0.02 | ||||
5% = 0.11 | ||||
10% = 0.14 | ||||
25% = 0.28 | ||||
50% = 0.85 | ||||
75% = 2.69 | ||||
90% = 5.59 | ||||
95% = 8.22 | ||||
99% = 13.43 | ||||
max = 22.50 | ||||
Fumonisin B1 concentration in non-Bt grain, mg FB1/kg corn, ([FB1]non-Bt) | 4.15 | arithmetic mean | empirical CDF7 | min = 0.00 |
1% = 0.05 | ||||
5% = 0.14 | ||||
10% = 0.28 | ||||
25% = 0.78 | ||||
50% = 2.05 | ||||
75% = 5.59 | ||||
90% = 11.03 | ||||
95% = 15.91 | ||||
99% = 28.28 | ||||
max = 54.45 | ||||
DDGS Concentration Factor (DCF)8 | 3.00 | fixed | fixed |
Week | Weight, kg | Week | Weight, Kg | Portioned Weekly Timeframes | TCIF2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 27.2 | 11 | 85.5 | Weeks 1 and 2 | 0.685 |
2 | 32.4 | 12 | 91.5 | Weeks 3, 4, and 5 | 0.734 |
3 | 37.8 | 13 | 97.3 | Weeks 6, 7, and 8 | 0.783 |
4 | 43.7 | 14 | 103.1 | Weeks 9, 10, and 11 | 0.820 |
5 | 49.2 | 15 | 108.6 | Weeks 12, 13, and 14 | 0.844 |
6 | 55.1 | 16 | 113.9 | Weeks 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 | 0.864 |
7 | 61.1 | 17 | 118.9 | ||
8 | 67.2 | 18 | 123.7 | ||
9 | 73.3 | 19 | 128.2 | ||
10 | 79.4 | 20 | 132.4 |
Weight Ranges, kg | TCIF |
---|---|
22.7 to 33.6 | 0.685 |
34.0 to 54.0 | 0.734 |
54.4 to 72.1 | 0.783 |
72.6 to 88.0 | 0.820 |
88.5 to 104.0 | 0.844 |
>104.3 | 0.864 |
State | % Insect-resistant Bt only | % Stacked genes varities | % Insect-resistant Bt only + % Stacked Gene Varieties | Fraction of insect-resistant Bt only + stacked gene varieties |
---|---|---|---|---|
Illinois | 15 | 52 | 67 | 0.67 |
Indiana | 7 | 56 | 63 | 0.63 |
Iowa | 15 | 61 | 76 | 0.76 |
Kansas | 22 | 40 | 62 | 0.62 |
Michigan | 11 | 44 | 55 | 0.55 |
Minnesota | 18 | 46 | 64 | 0.64 |
Missouri | 15 | 45 | 60 | 0.60 |
Nebraska | 22 | 45 | 67 | 0.67 |
North Dakota | 22 | 37 | 59 | 0.59 |
Ohio | 13 | 36 | 49 | 0.49 |
South Dakota | 6 | 60 | 66 | 0.66 |
Texas | 18 | 40 | 58 | 0.58 |
Wisconsin | 13 | 38 | 51 | 0.51 |
Generalized β parameters2 | ||||
Mean = μ | 0.61 | |||
Mode = c | 0.67 | |||
Maximum = b | 0.76 | |||
Minimum = a | 0.49 | |||
p = α1 | 0.67 | |||
q = α1 | 0.83 |
Feeding Scenarios1 | Deterministic exposures mg FB1/kg diet | Semi-stochastic exposures mg of FB1/kg of diet | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Mean | 90th | ||
Scenario 1: Blended Diet2 | 2.86 | 3.46 | 3.50 | 5.08 |
Scenario 2: Bt grain & Bt DDGS | 2.32 | 2.25 | 2.40 | 4.01 |
Scenario 3: non-Bt grain & non-Bt DDGS | 4.69 | 4.88 | 5.08 | 7.87 |
Scenario 4: Bt & non-Bt grain | 2.09 | 2.13 | 2.19 | 3.20 |
Scenario 5: Bt grain | 1.68 | 1.43 | 1.50 | 2.52 |
Scenario 6: non-Bt grain | 3.40 | 3.02 | 3.11 | 4.97 |
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Delgado, J.E.; Wolt, J.D. Fumonisin B1 Toxicity in Grower-Finisher Pigs: A Comparative Analysis of Genetically Engineered Bt Corn and non-Bt Corn by Using Quantitative Dietary Exposure Assessment Modeling. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8, 3179-3190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083179
Delgado JE, Wolt JD. Fumonisin B1 Toxicity in Grower-Finisher Pigs: A Comparative Analysis of Genetically Engineered Bt Corn and non-Bt Corn by Using Quantitative Dietary Exposure Assessment Modeling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2011; 8(8):3179-3190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083179
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelgado, James E., and Jeffrey D. Wolt. 2011. "Fumonisin B1 Toxicity in Grower-Finisher Pigs: A Comparative Analysis of Genetically Engineered Bt Corn and non-Bt Corn by Using Quantitative Dietary Exposure Assessment Modeling" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 8: 3179-3190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083179