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Sensors, Volume 5, Issue 12 (December 2005) – 10 articles , Pages 509-643

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98 KiB  
Article
Determination of the Temperature Change by Means of an Outcoming Signal of Electric Resistance in an Isoperibolic Calorimetric Cell. Obtainment of Heat Solution
by Liliana Giraldo-Gutierréz and Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 633-643; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120633 - 23 Dec 2005
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8787
Abstract
An isoperibolic calorimetric cell is built with glass surrounded by plastic insulation. Thecell has a lid on which a thermistor thermometer, an electric resistance to provide the cell with definitequantities of electric work and a container for a glass ampoule, are placed. For [...] Read more.
An isoperibolic calorimetric cell is built with glass surrounded by plastic insulation. Thecell has a lid on which a thermistor thermometer, an electric resistance to provide the cell with definitequantities of electric work and a container for a glass ampoule, are placed. For measuring the thermalchanges, an NTC thermistor, which provides an electric resistance signal that varies with temperature,is used. Calibration curves of the thermistor and of the stabilization of the system signal in thermalequilibrium are shown, which enable the observation of a good insulation. The calorific capacity of thesystem with water, with a value of 206.7 ± 0.7 J °C-1 is determined; the solution enthalpy for propanolwaterand KCl-water systems is obtained, which shows the behavior of the cell before exothermic andendothermic effects, respectively. Full article
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477 KiB  
Article
Improving the Response of a Rollover Sensor Placed in a Car under Performance Tests by Using a RLS Lattice Algorithm
by Wilmar Hernandez
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 613-632; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120613 - 21 Dec 2005
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8136
Abstract
In this paper, a sensor to measure the rollover angle of a car under performance testsis presented. Basically, the sensor consists of a dual-axis accelerometer, analog-electronicinstrumentation stages, a data acquisition system and an adaptive filter based on a recursiveleast-squares (RLS) lattice algorithm. In [...] Read more.
In this paper, a sensor to measure the rollover angle of a car under performance testsis presented. Basically, the sensor consists of a dual-axis accelerometer, analog-electronicinstrumentation stages, a data acquisition system and an adaptive filter based on a recursiveleast-squares (RLS) lattice algorithm. In short, the adaptive filter is used to improve theperformance of the rollover sensor by carrying out an optimal prediction of the relevant signalcoming from the sensor, which is buried in a broad-band noise background where we have littleknowledge of the noise characteristics. The experimental results are satisfactory and show asignificant improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio at the system output. Full article
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125 KiB  
Article
Determination of Atropine in Injection with β-Cyclodextrin Modified Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor Sensor
by Xian-Wen Li, Bo-Lun Yang, Ying-Ying Wu and Hong-Ye Lin
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 604-612; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120604 - 21 Dec 2005
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 8393
Abstract
A new atropine drug-FET sensor, which was made of an ISFET (ion sensitivefield effect transistor) and a drug sensitive membrane prepared by adding electric activematter to a β-cyclodextrin solution, was developed. The pH influence, selectivity, responsecurve, reproducibility, stability, response time and life of [...] Read more.
A new atropine drug-FET sensor, which was made of an ISFET (ion sensitivefield effect transistor) and a drug sensitive membrane prepared by adding electric activematter to a β-cyclodextrin solution, was developed. The pH influence, selectivity, responsecurve, reproducibility, stability, response time and life of this sensor were investigated. Apreliminary application of the sensor was discussed as well. The experimental resultsindicated that the sensor showed a Nernst response to atropine with a slope of 58.0mV/decade over the concentration range of 5.0×10-3 - 1.0×10-6 mol/L and the pH rangeof 5.0-8.5. The sensor detection limit was 8.0×10-7 mol/L. The performance of this sensorwas very stable when it was used to determine atropine concentration in a medicinalinjection. The obtained results agreed well with the pharmacopoeia method. Full article
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327 KiB  
Article
Photo-Induced Unpinning of Fermi Level in WO3
by Cesare Malagù, Maria C. Carotta, Elisabetta Comini, Guido Faglia, Alessio Giberti, Vincenzo Guidi, Thierry G.G. Maffeis, Giuliano Martinelli, Giorgio Sberveglieri and Steve P. Wilks
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 594-603; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120594 - 20 Dec 2005
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 9234
Abstract
Atomic force and high resolution scanning tunneling analyses were carried out onnanostructured WO3 films. It turned out that the band gap measured by scanning tunnelingspectroscopy at surface is lower than the band gap reported in the literature. This effect isattributed to the [...] Read more.
Atomic force and high resolution scanning tunneling analyses were carried out onnanostructured WO3 films. It turned out that the band gap measured by scanning tunnelingspectroscopy at surface is lower than the band gap reported in the literature. This effect isattributed to the high density of surface states in this material, which allows tunneling intothese states. Such a high density of surface states pins the Fermi level resulting in modestsurface activity at room temperature. Photo activation of WO3 results in unpinning of theFermi level and thereby in higher chemical activity at surface. Full article
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370 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Amperometric Sensor Used for Determination of Nitrate with Polypyrrole Nanowires Modified Electrode
by Xiu-ling Zhang, Ji-xiao Wang, Zhi Wang and Shi-chang Wang
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 580-593; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120580 - 16 Dec 2005
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 10543
Abstract
Polypyrrole(PPy) nanowire modified electrodes were developed by template-freeelectrochemical method based on graphite electrode. The modified electrode wascharacterized by their amperometric response towards nitrate ions. Before reduction ofnitrate ions, electrochemical solid-phase extraction (EC-SPE) of nitrate in/on modifiedelectrodes was conducted. It is found that the [...] Read more.
Polypyrrole(PPy) nanowire modified electrodes were developed by template-freeelectrochemical method based on graphite electrode. The modified electrode wascharacterized by their amperometric response towards nitrate ions. Before reduction ofnitrate ions, electrochemical solid-phase extraction (EC-SPE) of nitrate in/on modifiedelectrodes was conducted. It is found that the unusual nanowired structure of polypyrrolelayer (instead of well known cauliflower structure) allows us to increase the effectivesurface area of the electrode and subsequently the sensitivity. And the effects ofelectrochemical preparation parameters of PPy nanowire modified electrodes on theircorresponding characters were evaluated. The experimental results show that theelectrochemical preparation parameters of the modified electrodes such as scan rate,polymerization potential, temperature of polymerization solution and polymerization timehave significantly effects on the morphology of PPy nanowires and subsequently effectivesurface area of the electrode and electroreduction current density of nitrate. Thedetermination sensitivity may be varied according to the modification parameters. Under acertain polymerization conditions, the corresponding sensitivity reaches 336.28 mA/M cm2 and the detection limit is 1.52×10-6 M. The proposed method was successfully applied in thedetection of nitrate in the real samples. Full article
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725 KiB  
Article
Novel Planar Electromagnetic Sensors: Modeling and Performance Evaluation
by Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 546-579; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120546 - 15 Dec 2005
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10597
Abstract
High performance planar electromagnetic sensors, their modeling and a fewapplications have been reported in this paper. The researches employing planar typeelectromagnetic sensors have started quite a few years back with the initial emphasis on theinspection of defects on printed circuit board. The use [...] Read more.
High performance planar electromagnetic sensors, their modeling and a fewapplications have been reported in this paper. The researches employing planar typeelectromagnetic sensors have started quite a few years back with the initial emphasis on theinspection of defects on printed circuit board. The use of the planar type sensing system hasbeen extended for the evaluation of near-surface material properties such as conductivity,permittivity, permeability etc and can also be used for the inspection of defects in the nearsurfaceof materials. Recently the sensor has been used for the inspection of quality ofsaxophone reeds and dairy products. The electromagnetic responses of planar interdigitalsensors with pork meats have been investigated. Full article
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133 KiB  
Article
Amperometric Detection of Nitric Oxide with Microsensor in the Medium of Seawater and Its Applications
by Lei Xing, Zheng-Bin Zhang, Chun-Ying Liu, Zhen-Zhen Wu and Cai Lin
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 537-545; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120537 - 15 Dec 2005
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7983
Abstract
Amperometric detection of nitric oxide with ISO-NOPMC NO microsensors(WPI) is systemically studied in the six media including seawater. The linear range of themicrosensor for NO was from 10-6 to 10-9 mol/l and the detection limit was4.2×10-10 mol/L(S/N=2). With this method, [...] Read more.
Amperometric detection of nitric oxide with ISO-NOPMC NO microsensors(WPI) is systemically studied in the six media including seawater. The linear range of themicrosensor for NO was from 10-6 to 10-9 mol/l and the detection limit was4.2×10-10 mol/L(S/N=2). With this method, we provide preliminary evidence that NOproduction could be a general attribute of marine alga (Haeterosigma akashiwo).Experiment conducted with inhibitor of uncoupler 2,4-DNP (2,4-dinitropheno) revealed thatNR (nitrate reductase) activity is responsible for NO formation. Full article
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126 KiB  
Article
Classification of Chinese Yellow Wines by ChemometricAnalysis of Cyclic Voltammogram of Copper Electrodes
by Jian Wu, Jun Liu, Min Fu, Guang Li and Zhengguo Lou
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 529-536; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120529 - 07 Dec 2005
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 8504
Abstract
A Chinese yellow wine classification method is proposed based on chemometricanalysis of voltammogram of copper electrode. The main components in Chinese yellowwine are alcohol, amino acids and carbon hydrates. In strong alkaline solution copperelectrode shows rich voltammetric responses to these components. Principal componentanalysis [...] Read more.
A Chinese yellow wine classification method is proposed based on chemometricanalysis of voltammogram of copper electrode. The main components in Chinese yellowwine are alcohol, amino acids and carbon hydrates. In strong alkaline solution copperelectrode shows rich voltammetric responses to these components. Principal componentanalysis is employed to analyse voltammetric response of copper electrode to six Chinesewine samples in strong alkaline solution. The score plots show good discrimination of thesewine samples. In order to compress the original voltammetric data, a windowed time slicingmethod is investigated in this study. It greatly reduces the input data number and theresulted PCA plot still has good discrimination ability. Full article
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893 KiB  
Article
Surface Morphology and Sensing Property of NiO-WO3 Thin Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation
by Dong-myong Na, L. Satyanarayana, Gwang-Pyo Choi, Yong-Jin Shin and Jin Seong Park
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 519-528; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120519 - 01 Dec 2005
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9273
Abstract
WO3 and NiO-WO3 thin films of various thicknesses were deposited on anAl2O3-Si (alumina-silicon) substrate using high vacuum thermal evaporation. Afterannealing at 500oC for 30 minutes in air, the crystallanity and surface morphology of WO3and NiO-WO [...] Read more.
WO3 and NiO-WO3 thin films of various thicknesses were deposited on anAl2O3-Si (alumina-silicon) substrate using high vacuum thermal evaporation. Afterannealing at 500oC for 30 minutes in air, the crystallanity and surface morphology of WO3and NiO-WO3 thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ScanningElectron Microscopy (SEM). It is observed that the WO3 thin films were resulted in cracksbetween the polycrystalline grains and the grain growth was increased with increasingthickness causing deteriorated sensing characteristics of the films. On the other hand, anoptimum deposition of NiO on WO3 thin film has inhibited the grain growth and improvedthe sensitivity of the films. The inhibition is limited to a certain thickness of WO3 and NiOcontent (mol %) of inclusion and below or above this limitation the grain growth could notbe suppressed. Moreover, the deposition sequence of NiO and WO3 is also playing asignificant role in controlling the grain growth. A probable mechanism for the control ofgrain growth and improving the sensing property has been discussed. Full article
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287 KiB  
Article
Softlithography in Chemical Sensing – Analytes from Molecules to Cells
by Peter A. Lieberzeit, Gerd Glanznig, Michael Jenik, Sylwia Sylwia Gazda-Miarecka, Franz L. Dickert and Anton Leidl
Sensors 2005, 5(12), 509-518; https://doi.org/10.3390/s5120509 - 01 Dec 2005
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 9680
Abstract
Imprinting is a flexible and straightforward technique to generate selective sensormaterials e.g. for mass-sensitive detection. Inherently, the strategy suits both molecularanalytes and entire micro organisms or cells. Imprinted polyurethanes e.g. are capable ofdistinguishing the different xylene isomers with very appreciable selectivity factors.Combining imprinted [...] Read more.
Imprinting is a flexible and straightforward technique to generate selective sensormaterials e.g. for mass-sensitive detection. Inherently, the strategy suits both molecularanalytes and entire micro organisms or cells. Imprinted polyurethanes e.g. are capable ofdistinguishing the different xylene isomers with very appreciable selectivity factors.Combining imprinted titanates with surface transverse wave resonators (STW) leads to apowerful tool for detecting engine oil degradation, which is an excellent example foroxidative deterioration processes in a highly complex matrix. Surface imprints withgeometrically equal cavities exhibit clear chemical selectivity, as can e.g. be seen throughthe example of different human rhinovirus (HRV) serotypes. Another example is a bloodgroup-selective sensor prepared by templating with erythrocyte ghosts. Both the bloodgroupA and B imprinted material selectively distinguish between blood groups A, B and O,whereas no difference in sensor signal has been observed for AB, where both blood groupantigen types are present on the cell surface. Full article
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