Safety

Occupational safety risk assessment combines measured data, qualitative observations, and expert judgment to prioritize preventive action. Fuzzy logic can structure linguistic and uncertain information, but poorly justified variables, membership functions, rules, or weights can embed bias, while aggregation can obscure hazard-specific differences. Following a PRISMA-aligned selection process, this systematic review examined 30 fuzzy-based occupational safety studies, focusing not only on technical design but also on output types, intended decision users and purposes, traceability, temporal operation, and evidence of safety outcomes. Fifteen models primarily produced a score, index, level, or class; nine produced a ranking or priority; and six preserved a relational or causal representation. Only two directly supported workers, one operated in real time, and none demonstrated recalibration driven by observed safety outcomes. Although 28 studies reported positive evaluations of their own solutions, only one reported improvement in accident outcomes observed over time, and one provided partial follow-up. Aggregated fuzzy values are therefore most defensible as traceable, context-bound decision-support indicators. They should complement rather than replace hazard-specific assessment and should be linked to worker participation, documented control actions, assigned responsibilities, and verification of implemented measures. Full article

Occupational safety management in combined cycle power plant (CCPP) construction requires methods that can both prioritize multiple tasks and explain why critical scenarios arise. This article presents a hybrid case-study methodology integrating questionnaire-based semi-quantitative 5 × 5 risk matrices with task-focused HAZOP. An anonymous structured questionnaire was completed by 105 workers at a CCPP construction site (response rate 75.0%), covering eight major construction activities and four occupational groups. Likelihood and severity ratings were processed in RStudio 2025.09.2 to produce 5 × 5 risk matrices, distribution plots, and “High + Critical” prioritization indices. The highest-ranked tasks were then subjected to HAZOP in PHAWorks RA Edition (Version 1.0.9834). “Work at height” emerged as the highest-ranked perceived-risk activity across all groups, followed by lifting/load handling, chemicals/flammables, and electrical works. Safety technicians tended to assign more conservative ratings than labor personnel, indicating role-dependent differences in risk perception. The HAZOP analysis suggested that the plausible HAZOP-informed accident scenarios and control weaknesses were not only technical but also organizational, including failures in permit-to-work, lockout/tagout, exclusion-zone control, fall protection, and chemical handling discipline. The integrated hybrid workflow bridges rapid semi-quantitative prioritization and structured causal analysis, supporting the translation of field-based perceptions into targeted and actionable safety controls for dynamic energy-project worksites. The findings highlight the critical role of organizational discipline alongside technical measures and support the integration of structured risk assessment within occupational health and safety management systems in dynamic construction environments. Full article

Personal mobility (PM) devices have expanded rapidly as an urban transport mode supporting short-distance travel and first- and last-mile access to public transport, while conflicts involving PM users, pedestrians, and other road users have emerged as an important traffic-safety concern. This study reconstructed police-reported PM crash records from Seoul for 2017–2024 into a crash-level dataset of 2398 crashes and examined changes in crash composition and monthly crash-count trajectories around the strengthening of PM safety regulations on 13 May 2021. Grouped-binomial models using monthly outcome and non-outcome counts were treated as the primary analysis. The descriptive PM–pedestrian share increased from 42.9% before the regulation to 49.7% after the regulation. However, the grouped-binomial models did not identify statistically significant PM–pedestrian or severe-or-fatal level or slope changes. The only statistically significant post-regulation composition term in the full-period model was a declining late-night slope; this term was not significant under the conservative month-level HC3 covariance check in the January 2019 sensitivity window. Segmented Poisson models were retained as secondary, descriptive, and exploratory analyses. Observed post-regulation counts were lower than the trajectory obtained by extrapolating the pre-regulation trend; however, the counterfactual became implausibly large within two to three years, so the model could not distinguish a regulatory discontinuity from the natural deceleration or saturation of PM diffusion and other concurrent temporal changes. Among crashes with known helmet-use status, no statistically detectable pre/post change was observed, and license type was not recorded before the regulation. The evidence therefore does not establish either a beneficial or adverse causal effect of the regulation. PM safety policy should combine user-oriented enforcement with multi-indicator monitoring, pedestrian-conflict management, continuous and clearly separated PM travel space, and targeted monitoring of late-night single-vehicle crashes. Full article

Vehicles equipped with level 3 automated driving system (ADS) features are expected to integrate into consumer markets in the near future. Drivers’ trust and situation awareness (SA) are critical for the acceptance and safe operation of level 3 ADS. Prior research has found that augmented reality interfaces and verbal alerts can communicate information to drivers and thus enhance trust and SA. However, little is understood as to the degree to which specific communication needs may differ across driving contexts. Participants watched videos of traffic scenarios and answered open-ended questions about desired information across measures (SA, trust) and modalities (visual, verbal), and what they considered redundant information. A thematic analysis was used to analyze responses from 128 participants. Communicating the vehicle’s intentions was one of the most crucial desired features. Other desired features were context-dependent including the detection, location, and trajectory of relevant objects and intention reasoning. Key redundant features included excessive cues, unspecific visual or auditory alerts. The results were organized as a framework for the consideration of modalities and information relevancy in future vehicle-human communication research. The framework also considers context-specific communication needs as well as a cognitive-perceptual threshold for presenting desired amount of information through the appropriate modality. Full article

This study presents the design, theoretical modeling, and experimental validation of a novel mechanical reducer made up of three stages, including two logarithmic spiral gears, offering a continuously variable transmission ratio. Unlike conventional constant transmission ratio reducers (circular gears reducers), this reducer provides high transmission ratios during motion initiation and gradually decreases them per cycle, preventing abrupt torque transition. A comprehensive mechanical model was developed to predict transmission ratio, gear geometry, assistance distance and duration, motor torque, and energy consumption, providing a complete framework for reducer design according to target performance requirements. A proof-of-concept prototype manufactured by additive manufacturing was integrated into a trolley to validate the mechanical model. Experimental results demonstrated good agreement with theoretical predictions, with no difference in distance crossed and 13% difference in assistance duration. The model further predicts substantially lower energy consumption than conventional reducers, while maintaining progressive torque delivery throughout the assistance phase. These results demonstrate the potential of logarithmic spiral gears for variable-ratio mechanical transmissions and provide a predictive framework for the design and optimization of this type of mechanism. This reducer is hypothetically intended for applications requiring progressive torque assistance, such as manual trolleys, wheelchairs, or aircraft. Full article

Background: To reduce the incidence of road traffic accidents (RTAs), countries worldwide implement various measures: intensified police controls, awareness-raising campaigns, technological solutions such as alcohol interlock systems, and stricter legal sanctions. Methods: The objective of this research is to determine the trend of alcohol-impaired drivers’ involvement during the period 2010–2024, to compare periods before and after the reduction of the permitted blood alcohol concentration limit from 0.3 mg/mL to 0.2 mg/mL, to analyze the distribution of intoxication levels and demographic characteristics, and to determine the severity of traffic accident outcomes. Results: A total of 1,743 drivers under the influence of alcohol were analyzed and divided into two study groups based on the timing of the legislative amendment. The greatest effect of the legislative change was observed in the age group 22–34 years. A significantly higher percentage of very high intoxicated drivers was recorded before the legislative change. The percentage of drivers that were affected after reducing Traffic Safety Law regulations limit from 0.3 mg/mL to 0.2 mg/mL, resulted in increase of the number of low level intoxicated drivers nearly twice after the regulations. Conclusions: The results indicate that stricter legislative regulations contributed to a significant reduction in high-risk behaviours, although the effect was not uniform across all categories of drivers. Full article

Farming families are central to the agricultural industry in Ireland. The poor mental health of farmers is well documented. However, the mental health of farm family members remains overlooked. This study aims to understand the mental health literacy and help-seeking of farm family members and how mental health literacy and help-seeking are associated with demographics. A cross-sectional study examined 447 farming family members’ mental health literacy and help-seeking using the Attitudes Towards Seeking Professional Psychological Help Short Form (ATSPPH-SF), Mental Help-Seeking Intention Scale (MHSIS), and the Multicomponent Mental Health Literacy Measure (MMHL). Participants reported an average ATSPPH-SF score of 20.4 ± 5.8. The average MHSIS score was 4.8 ± 1.6, and the average MMHL score was 19.4 ± 4.5. Farm family members’ mental health literacy and help-seeking attitudes and intentions were positively associated. Those who worked on the farm regularly, men, and those who were less educated had significantly lower literacy and help-seeking. The mental health literacy and help-seeking attitudes and intentions of farm family members were marginally higher than those of Irish farmers and other populations. Interventions targeting the enhancement of family members’ mental health literacy and help-seeking could support improved mental health literacy and help-seeking amongst farmers and farm family members. Full article

Many law enforcement agencies operate crisis service models that utilize the expertise of mental health professionals in assisting law enforcement officers (LEOs) when interacting with people experiencing a mental health crisis. This study examines three agencies with two different types of established crisis service models in the same geographical area to answer three research questions: (1) Does the type of crisis service model affect facilitators of success for the model? (2) Does the type of crisis service model affect how practitioners personally measure the success of the model they use? (3) What patterns exist in involuntary psychiatric examination rates before and after the implementation of the crisis service models? Sixteen practitioners representing two crisis service models responded to a survey investigating the first two questions. Participants were recruited through email. The analysis used inferential and descriptive statistics to examine their responses. A before-and-after design using descriptive statistics of publicly available data about involuntary psychiatric examinations was employed to investigate the third research question. Results showed variation across the model participants’ choices of facilitators important for model success and metrics, but only differences between the responses from members of two models in choosing the facilitator of clear policies and procedures (e.g., clearly written protocols) and the metric of use of force were at statistically significant levels. The practitioners of the models are the experts. Understanding how they judge the success of their work and what facilitates that success is vital for allocating resources effectively and adjusting policies as needed. The study determined that involuntary psychiatric examinations decreased concurrently with the use of crisis service models, but it is not possible to establish causation. More investigation is needed. Full article

Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense, with well-established impacts on mortality and heat-related illness. However, their influence on unintentional injuries, including falls, is less understood. This study examined the association between heatwaves and fall-related ambulance attendances in Queensland, Australia. A retrospective population-based study was conducted using Queensland Ambulance Service attendance data from 2010–2019. Attendances were classified as fall-related if a fall was indicated in any of the dispatch, diagnosis, injury-cause, or case-classification fields, regardless of if this was based on caller report or paramedic assessment. Heatwaves were defined using the Bureau of Meteorology’s Excess Heat Factor and classified by severity. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) compared fall-related ambulance attendances on heatwave and non-heatwave days, with stratification by age, sex, rurality, heatwave severity, and warm-season month. Across the study period, 323,254 fall-related ambulance attendances were recorded. Overall incidence did not differ between heatwave and non-heatwave days (IRR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99–1.00). Extreme heatwaves were associated with an 11% increase in attendances (IRR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.06–1.17), with elevated risks observed among adults aged 45–74 years and residents of outer regional areas. Extreme heatwaves contribute to increased fall-related ambulance demand in Queensland. Recognising falls as part of the broader heat-related morbidity burden allows for targeted prevention strategies and enhances preparedness for extreme heat events. Full article

Occupational injuries and work-related diseases remain a major concern in Italy, particularly in high-risk sectors such as construction, agriculture, manufacturing and healthcare. This study retrospectively analyzed a series of breaches of occupational safety regulations and the determining factors that caused them over a seven-year period in a mixed industrial-rural area of Abruzzo, Italy. Inspections were classified by period (pre-pandemic, post-pandemic), economic sector, type of intervention, type of violation, multiple non-compliances, responsible party, age of the responsible party, and restored compliance. Two hundred and seventy-four inspections led to penalties, mainly in the construction sector (65%). Procedural violations were the most frequent, followed by structural, documental, and combined violations. Violations and the violation/inspection ratio decreased after the pandemic. The type of violation was significantly associated with the economic sector, the type of intervention, and the responsible party; moreover, the pandemic period was associated with changes in sectoral inspections, violation patterns, multiple non-compliances, and restoration of compliance. The results highlight sector-specific and context-dependent compliance dynamics, with construction and agriculture presenting complex chains of responsibility. Strengthening an integrated inspection–training supervisory body may improve long-term compliance and safety governance. This study proposes a pilot model for standardized data collection enabling comparative analyses across sectors and institutional contexts. Full article

Despite being classified as low-risk workplaces, museums involve tasks that generate demands, chemical exposure, and management-related stress that accumulate over time. This study assesses the relationship between occupational safety and health conditions in museums and task organization within operations to develop a task-based coordination approach grounded in practice. A mixed-methods design was employed in three museums, encompassing conservation, public interaction, and administrative activities. Data included 30 task observations in each museum, collected through on-site observations, posture assessment, checklist evaluation of chemical handling and ventilation practices, task-focused exchanges, and observation of leadership engagement during activities. Task configurations, defined as the combination of technical and organizational conditions under which a task is performed during routine activities, were compared through task scenarios developed as analytical models using a composite task-level safety index. Results suggested that exposure patterns varied with the technical and organizational conditions of task execution. Task configurations combining adjustable equipment, functional ventilation, coordinated task allocation, and regular leadership presence had lower frequencies of ergonomic, chemical, and organizational non-compliance. The findings indicate that occupational safety and health practice in museums depends on how technical and organizational measures operate at the task level. Full article

Occupational health and safety (OHS) malpractices may increase the risk of occupational injuries and are a significant public health problem in the iron and steel industries, often leading to disability and death. Information on OHS practices related to occupational injuries in the iron and steel industries is limited in many countries. This study aimed to assess OHS practices in relation to occupational injuries among workers in the iron and steel industries in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 321 production line workers. Data were collected through interviews, using a structured OHS questionnaire and the modified International Labour Organization (ILO) injury assessment tool. A total of 209 workers had experienced an occupational injury in the past year. According to univariate regression analyses, the safety practice variables ‘safety inspections’ and ‘use of personal protective equipment’ were significantly associated with occupational injury. However, after adjusting for sociodemographic and organizational factors, including years of work experience, work section, daily working hours, and shift work, these associations were no longer statistically significant. Working in the rolling mill, having less than four years of work experience, working more than 10 h per day, and performing shift work were significant predictors of occupational injuries. These factors attenuated the associations between safety practices and occupational injuries. The severity of injuries was found to be related to the accessibility of PPE. The findings suggest that work experience and organizational characteristics play a critical role in shaping occupational injury risk, highlighting the need for multifaceted interventions that integrate effective safety practices, work experience and organizational measures to improve worker safety in Tanzania’s iron and steel industry. Full article

The increasing deployment of lithium-ion batteries in electromobility, industrial logistics, and stationary energy storage systems has introduced new operational safety challenges associated with thermal runaway, fire development, and the release of hazardous substances. Although significant attention has been devoted to battery design and fire suppression technologies, less emphasis has been placed on the development of integrated monitoring systems capable of identifying abnormal thermal behaviour during routine storage and handling operations. This paper presents an operational framework for the early detection of thermal anomalies in lithium-ion battery storage facilities based on the integration of thermal imaging technology, multi-level alarm logic, automated notification processes, and predefined response procedures. The proposed framework was developed using a risk-based approach and implemented within an industrial environment where lithium-ion batteries and battery modules are routinely stored and handled. The methodology included hazard identification, determination of critical monitoring zones, configuration of thermal detection devices, establishment of alarm thresholds, and integration with existing fire protection infrastructure. Particular attention was devoted to ensuring rapid identification, localization, verification, and escalation of abnormal thermal conditions before the occurrence of visible fire manifestations. The implemented monitoring framework comprised a total of 21 thermal imaging cameras, including four fixed radiometric thermal imaging cameras and seventeen local thermal monitoring cameras, covering five risk-prioritized monitoring zones within an industrial lithium-ion battery storage facility. During operational deployment, the system recorded 21 Yellow Alerts, 6 Red Alerts, and 4 false alarms, with an average response time of 4.2 min. Experimental verification further demonstrated that, although directly exposed battery modules were measured at approximately 60 °C, enclosure within the battery pack significantly attenuated the externally detectable thermal signature, with surface temperatures decreasing to approximately 23–31 °C after prolonged enclosure. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework enables continuous operational monitoring, supports timely identification of abnormal thermal behaviour, and provides a structured basis for rapid decision-making and emergency response in industrial lithium-ion battery storage facilities. The integration of thermal monitoring with structured alarm management and response procedures creates a comprehensive safety chain that contributes to reducing the probability of delayed incident recognition. The presented approach provides practical guidance for industrial operators seeking to improve lithium-ion battery safety and may serve as a foundation for the future development of operational safety requirements for battery storage facilities. The principal contribution of this study is the documented implementation and operational evaluation of an integrated thermal monitoring and response system under routine automotive production conditions. Full article

Air travel is widely regarded as a safe mode of transport, yet the aviation journey remains a significant source of psychological and physiological stress for many passengers. Existing research has largely focused on fear of flying during the flight itself, with limited synthesis of stress experienced across the entire passenger journey. This integrative review aimed to synthesize evidence on stressors affecting commercial airline passengers during the pre-flight, in-flight, and post-flight stages of travel. A comprehensive search of Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed identified peer-reviewed studies published between 2013 and 2025. Following screening and quality appraisal using an adaptation of Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) principles, 46 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review identified 12 major categories of passenger stressors across the aviation journey. Pre-flight stress was primarily associated with procedural, socio-psychological, and financial factors, while in-flight stress centered on perceived loss of control, physical cabin constraints, environmental conditions, and disruptive passenger behavior. Post-flight stress was linked to physical fatigue, communication gaps, baggage-related challenges, immigration procedures, and ground transport difficulties. The review also revealed a substantial geographical imbalance, with most evidence originating from high-income countries. By providing a comprehensive temporal synthesis of passenger stressors, this review offers an evidence-based framework to inform passenger wellbeing initiatives, aviation policy, and future cross-cultural research. Full article

Agriculture remains one of the most hazardous industries in the United States, yet nonfatal surveillance remains incomplete. Prior studies have shown that trauma registries can support agricultural injury surveillance, but many approaches rely on text review, state-specific indicators, or coding frameworks that are not easily transferable across systems. In this study, Florida Trauma Registry records from 2016 to 2021 were screened using a reproducible case definition based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) external cause of injury codes, registry occupation and industry fields, and the work-related indicator. Agricultural injuries were summarized descriptively and mapped to Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS) categories. Injury severity scores (ISS) were modeled using generalized additive models (GAMs). The case definition identified 963 agricultural injuries requiring trauma care, including 17 fatalities. Most injuries were minor, and the leading event categories were contact incidents, falls, slips, and trips, and transportation incidents. Body region was the strongest correlate of severity, with head and abdomen/pelvic contents injuries showing the highest adjusted ISS. These findings suggest that the National Trauma Data Standard (NTDS)-aligned trauma registry fields may support reproducible agricultural injury surveillance when narrative text is unavailable. Full article

Personal health and safety are significant concerns across agricultural education, specifically agricultural mechanics. While hearing safety has been discussed for numerous years as a shortcoming in overall safety actions, it has been identified that attitudes and perceptions of sound and noise within agricultural settings are not aligned. This research continues work to focus on students’ understanding of and application of safety culture within an agricultural mechanics environment. Through direct and indirect exposure to noise levels, students reflected on and identified their use and intended use of hearing personal protective equipment (PPE). Pre- and post-instructional data aided in establishing students’ thresholds to use proper personal protective equipment and identify their perceptions of the decibel (dB) outputs for commonly used power tools in an agricultural laboratory setting. Course reflections alarmingly show a disconnect between intention and practice as many students do not utilize hearing PPE. While indicated threshold values and tool-specific PPE use align with the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health’s recommended hearing PPE guidelines, the self-reported hearing PPE use results are concerning. While knowledge and application gaps still need to be addressed, based on this exploratory study, bounded in a single instructional context, continued exposure through direct and indirect instruction leads to increased knowledge of sound levels. Full article

Characterizing the highly complex aero-propulsive interaction in distributed electric propulsion (DEP) aircraft may require automated flight-testing procedures with dedicated maneuvers, which introduce specific safety challenges. This paper investigates an accident involving a distributed electric propulsion research demonstrator, named SwitchMaster, during an automated flight-test mission for aerodynamic model identification. The event occurred during a scheduled pitch excitation maneuver and resulted in a loss of control followed by ground impact. The investigation is based on flight logs, telemetry analysis, and structured accident investigation methods, including the ICAO ADREP taxonomy and the Swiss Cheese Model. The results show that the accident resulted from a combination of open-loop control surface fixation, insufficient real-time safety barriers, ineffective maneuver interruption, and delayed recovery authority. Variable wind speeds and asymmetric trim acquisition are considered possible contributing factors to the aircraft drift from equilibrium conditions. This paper concludes with safety recommendations, software improvements and lessons learnt to enhance the reliability of automated flight testing for DEP aircraft. Full article

In gas-shielded arc welding, selecting the appropriate gas mixture is crucial not only for welding quality but also for reducing harmful UV radiation, which poses an occupational health risk. The aim of this research was to investigate the intensity of UV-A and UV-B radiation (290–390 nm) in the low-current range (10–45 A) using pure argon (Ar), helium (He), nitrogen (N₂), and a 70% Ar/30% He gas mixture. The measurements demonstrated that the composition of the shielding gas drastically affects UV emission. Under identical parameters, pure argon generates around three times higher radiation levels than pure helium. But when 30% helium was added to argon, the UV emission was significantly reduced by approximately 30%. The highest UV values were recorded with pure nitrogen. The tests revealed that the main reason is severe arc instability: the expanding plasma surface area significantly increases radiation. Overall, it can be concluded that in the low-current welding range, arc stability determines the magnitude of UV radiation to a greater extent than the emission characteristics of the gases. However, further measurements are needed to draw conclusions for higher amperages. Full article

Arterial corridors present complex safety challenges because signalized intersections, access points, mixed traffic movements, and speed variation can increase the likelihood of severe crash outcomes. Although Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are becoming increasingly common in modern vehicles, limited evidence exists regarding their safety performance in real-world arterial environments. This study investigates crash injury outcomes involving ADAS-equipped vehicles along the US-98 corridor, in Panama City, Florida. Police-reported crash records from 2022–2024 were integrated with vehicle-level ADAS data derived from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Vehicle Product Information Catalog (vPIC) VIN decoding. Multinomial Logistic Regression (MNL) and Random Forest (RF) models were used to examine factors associated with injury severity. MNL results indicate that crashes involving ADAS-equipped vehicles were associated with an approximately 59% lower relative risk of severe injury, while no statistically significant association was observed for moderate injury outcomes. Speeding, alcohol involvement, intersection-related crashes, dark–not-lighted conditions, and rural roadway context were associated with elevated severe injury risk. These findings suggest that ADAS technologies may contribute to severe injury mitigation, but their safety relevance depends on broader behavioral, environmental, and roadway conditions. Full article