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Membranes
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Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation
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Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation

A special issue of Membranes (ISSN 2077-0375). This special issue belongs to the section "Membrane Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 October 2021) | Viewed by 22356

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Luuk Rietveld

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Guest Editor
Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: integration and innovation in the urban water cycle and drinking water supply; behavior of processes and anticipating changes and disturbances; water quality and treatment modeling; wastewater reclamation
Dr. Bas Heijman

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Guest Editor
Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
Interests: new treatment concepts; (ceramic) membrane filtration; adsorption processes (activated carbon and high silica zeolites); ion exchange processes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The World Economic Forum has pointed out the water crisis as one of the most significant global risks to be faced over the next decade. A significant decline in the available quality and quantity of freshwater will result in harmful effects on human health and/or economic activity. In the meantime, global water demand will increase at an annual rate of 1% for the next thirty years. The imbalance between freshwater availability and demand will worsen due to factors such as climate change. To address the challenge, direct competition between agriculture, industry, and domestic purposes should be avoided and synergy should be sought, thus increasing the availability and accessibility to existing and new water resources. Reclamation of treated domestic sewage for industry and agriculture is one of the alternatives to decrease competition on water resources, and membrane filtration plays an important role in water treatment. Membrane filtration can be used in direct treatment of sewage and post-treatment of wastewater treatment plant effluents, providing water “fit-for-use” for industry and agriculture. However, membrane filtration can be costly and is prone to fouling and scaling without extensive pre-treatment. Therefore, innovative solutions are needed to increase the efficiency of (integrated) membrane filtration installations.

This Special Issue will highlight innovations in (integrated) membrane filtration for water reclamation. It welcomes both original contributions and reviews related to membrane filtration for water reclamation, mainly for industrial applications, agricultural use, and even direct drinking water production.

Prof. Dr. Luuk Rietveld
Dr. Bas Heijman
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Membranes is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • (Integrated) membrane filtration
  • Water reclamation
  • Industrial and agricultural water supply
  • Fouling and scaling control

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2800 KiB  
Article
Electrodialysis Can Lower the Environmental Impact of Hemodialysis
by Ahmed Abarkan, Nabil Grimi, Hubert Métayer, Tarik Sqalli Houssaïni and Cécile Legallais
Membranes 2022, 12(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12010045 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2294
Abstract
The hemodialysis technique, used worldwide for patients with chronic kidney disease, is considered as a treatment with a high economic and ecological impact, especially for water consumption. Getting ultrapure water for the preparation of the dialysate to clean patient’s blood from toxins leads [...] Read more.
The hemodialysis technique, used worldwide for patients with chronic kidney disease, is considered as a treatment with a high economic and ecological impact, especially for water consumption. Getting ultrapure water for the preparation of the dialysate to clean patient’s blood from toxins leads to high volumes of salt-enriched water that directly goes to sewage. The aim of this work is to propose operating conditions for electrodialysis to allow the reuse of reverse osmosis (RO) rejects. We first performed a parametric study to evaluate the influence of different parameters, such as flow rates, initial concentration, and applied voltage on the demineralization rate (DR) and specific energy consumption (SPC) with a NaCl model solution. The optimal conditions for desalination (i.e., a potential of 12 V, and flow rate of 20 L·h−1) were then successfully applied to real samples collected from a dialysis center with total dissolved salts concentration of about 1.4 g/L (conductivity of 2.0 mS·cm−1). We demonstrated that the choice of adequate conductivity targets allowed meeting the physico-chemical requirements to obtain water re-usable for either rehabilitation swimming pool, manual or machine washing of instruments before sterilization or irrigation. Saving this water could contribute in the reduction of the environmental impact of hemodialysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation)
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20 pages, 4421 KiB  
Article
Highly Effective Anti-Organic Fouling Performance of a Modified PVDF Membrane Using a Triple-Component Copolymer of P(Stx-co-MAAy)-g-fPEGz as the Additive
by Xiaoji Zhou, Yizhuo Sun, Shusu Shen, Yan Li and Renbi Bai
Membranes 2021, 11(12), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120951 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2126
Abstract
In this study, a triple-component copolymer of P(Stx-co-MAAy)-g-fPEGz containing hydrophobic (styrene, St), hydrophilic (methacrylic acid, MAA), and oleophobic (perfluoroalkyl polyethylene glycol, fPEG) segments was synthesized and used as an additive polymer to prepare modified [...] Read more.
In this study, a triple-component copolymer of P(Stx-co-MAAy)-g-fPEGz containing hydrophobic (styrene, St), hydrophilic (methacrylic acid, MAA), and oleophobic (perfluoroalkyl polyethylene glycol, fPEG) segments was synthesized and used as an additive polymer to prepare modified PVDF membrane for enhanced anti-fouling performance. Two compositions of St:MAA at 4:1 and 1:1 for the additive and two blending ratios of the additive:PVDF at 1:9 and 3:7 for the modified membranes were specifically examined. The results showed that the presence of the copolymer additive greatly affected the morphology and performance of the modified PVDF membranes. Especially, in a lower ratio of St to MAA (e.g., St:MAA at 1:1 versus 4:1), the additive polymer and therefore the modified PVDF membrane exhibited both better hydrophilic as well as oleophobic surface property. The prepared membrane can achieve a water contact angle at as low as 48.80° and display an underwater oil contact angle at as high as 160°. Adsorption experiments showed that BSA adsorption (in the concentration range of 0.8 to 2 g/L) on the modified PVDF membrane can be reduced by as much as 93%. From the filtration of BSA solution, HA solution, and oil/water emulsion, it was confirmed that the obtained membrane showed excellent resistance to these organic foulants that are often considered challenging in membrane water treatment. The performance displayed slow flux decay during filtration and high flux recovery after simple water cleaning. The developed membrane can therefore have a good potential to be used in such applications as water and wastewater treatment where protein and other organic pollutants (including oils) may cause severe fouling problems to conventional polymeric membranes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation)
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12 pages, 2107 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Forward Osmosis in PRO Mode during Desalination of a Local Oil Refinery Effluent
by Elorm Obotey Ezugbe, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Sudesh Rathilal and Dennis Asante-Sackey
Membranes 2021, 11(11), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110801 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1695
Abstract
In this study, the performance of a forward osmosis system was assessed over a 30-h period during desalination of a local oil refinery effluent using NaCl as the draw solute. The study was conducted with the active layer of the membrane facing the [...] Read more.
In this study, the performance of a forward osmosis system was assessed over a 30-h period during desalination of a local oil refinery effluent using NaCl as the draw solute. The study was conducted with the active layer of the membrane facing the draw solution. Assessment was done based on the water flux, salt rejection (SO42− and CO32−), membrane fouling and fouling reversal after membrane cleaning. Critical to this study was the performance of manual scrubbing of the membrane after each run and the application of chemically enhanced osmotic backwash. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane was conducted before and after cleaning to ascertain the degree of fouling and fouling reversal after membrane cleaning. The results showed an average water flux of 3.78 ± 0.13 L/m2 h, reverse solute flux (RSF) of 1.56 ± 0.11 g/m2·h, SO42− rejection of 100%, CO32− rejection of 95.66 ± 0.32% and flux recovery of 95% after membrane cleaning. This study identifies that intermittent manual scrubbing of the membrane plays a major role in overall membrane performance. It also provides a practical basis for further research and decision making in the use of FO and CTA membranes for oil refinery effluent desalination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation)
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Review

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38 pages, 2953 KiB  
Review
A Literature Review of Modelling and Experimental Studies of Water Treatment by Adsorption Processes on Nanomaterials
by Qusai Ibrahim, Leo Creedon and Salem Gharbia
Membranes 2022, 12(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040360 - 24 Mar 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9422
Abstract
A significant growth in the future demand for water resources is expected. Hence researchers have focused on finding new technologies to develop water filtration systems by using experimental and simulation methods. These developments were mainly on membrane-based separation technology, and photocatalytic degradation of [...] Read more.
A significant growth in the future demand for water resources is expected. Hence researchers have focused on finding new technologies to develop water filtration systems by using experimental and simulation methods. These developments were mainly on membrane-based separation technology, and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants which play an important role in wastewater treatment by means of adsorption technology. In this work, we provide valuable critical review of the latest experimental and simulation methods on wastewater treatment by adsorption on nanomaterials for the removal of pollutants. First, we review the wastewater treatment processes that were carried out using membranes and nanoparticles. These processes are highlighted and discussed in detail according to the rate of pollutant expulsion, the adsorption capacity, and the effect of adsorption on nanoscale surfaces. Then we review the role of the adsorption process in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in wastewater. We summarise the comparison based on decomposition ratios and degradation efficiency of pollutants. Therefore, the present article gives an evidence-based review of the rapid development of experimental and theoretical studies on wastewater treatment by adsorption processes. Lastly, the future direction of adsorption methods on water filtration processes is indicated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation)
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23 pages, 1249 KiB  
Review
State-of-the-Art Ceramic Membranes for Oily Wastewater Treatment: Modification and Application
by Mingliang Chen, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman and Luuk C. Rietveld
Membranes 2021, 11(11), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110888 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5789
Abstract
Membrane filtration is considered to be one of the most promising methods for oily wastewater treatment. Because of their hydrophilic surface, ceramic membranes show less fouling compared with their polymeric counterparts. Membrane fouling, however, is an inevitable phenomenon in the filtration process, leading [...] Read more.
Membrane filtration is considered to be one of the most promising methods for oily wastewater treatment. Because of their hydrophilic surface, ceramic membranes show less fouling compared with their polymeric counterparts. Membrane fouling, however, is an inevitable phenomenon in the filtration process, leading to higher energy consumption and a shorter lifetime of the membrane. It is therefore important to improve the fouling resistance of the ceramic membranes in oily wastewater treatment. In this review, we first focus on the various methods used for ceramic membrane modification, aiming for application in oily wastewater. Then, the performance of the modified ceramic membranes is discussed and compared. We found that, besides the traditional sol-gel and dip-coating methods, atomic layer deposition is promising for ceramic membrane modification in terms of the control of layer thickness, and pore size tuning. Enhanced surface hydrophilicity and surface charge are two of the most used strategies to improve the performance of ceramic membranes for oily wastewater treatment. Nano-sized metal oxides such as TiO2, ZrO2 and Fe2O3 and graphene oxide are considered to be the potential candidates for ceramic membrane modification for flux enhancement and fouling alleviation. The passive antifouling ceramic membranes, e.g., photocatalytic and electrified ceramic membranes, have shown some potential in fouling control, oil rejection and flux enhancement, but have their limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Filtration for Water Reclamation)
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