Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2020) | Viewed by 69893

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Guest Editor
Technische Universität München, Arcisstrasse 21, D-80333 Munich, Germany
Interests: restoration; land tenure and climate vulnerability; planning; policy; society; land degradation neutrality; food security; tenure security; land management; urban and rural
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Land (and its resources) is the most influential factor for development in the Global South. The youth, men, and women (and their households) rely upon it for their livelihoods, and for maintaining their living conditions in both urban and rural areas. However, in all cases, the women and youth remain left behind in the effort towards securing land rights for all.

Developing the tools or methods for securing land rights for all, especially for the youth and women, is a primary objective of responsible land management. Understanding the challenges women and youths face (and possible ways of resolving these challenges) in their quest to access, use and secure land resources, is vital for knowledge building for achieving tenure security for all. However, a broad knowledge gap exists on the land–women–youth–policy nexus of land management study and practice.

This Special Issue builds a knowledge base of research that presents emerging land tools or methods that can improve understanding of land–women–youth–policy relationships. I therefore invite research and review articles focusing on (but not limited to) the following themes:

  • Developing capacity in the context of women and youth land rights;
  • Responsible governance of tenure in the context of gender, women and societal transformations;
  • Evaluating tenure and tenure security in human settlements;
  • Analysing cases of youth and women’s land situations in the Global North and South;
  • Assessing land management (including land governance, land policy, and land administration) approaches and their impacts women and youths;
  • Searching for inclusive ways of managing and governing land resources, to ensure gender and social equity in developing countries;
  • Understanding the impacts of land management-related academic programmes on tenure policy principles and practices;
  • (Re)Scrutinising the impact of tenure regimes on women and youth land rights with a focus on progress so far;
  • The issue of the behavioural and social changes needed for the promotion of women and youth tenure situations;
  • Grasping technology use (including the filtering of technology bias) in the promotion of land tenure security in the Global South;
  • Investigating means, tools, and methods for securing women's and youths' access to land;
  • Developing policy-relevant innovations for improved equity in the use of land; and
  • Reviewing existing approaches to sustainably prescribe methods going forward.

Dr. Uchendu Eugene Chigbu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • global land tools network
  • land resources
  • land governance
  • land justice
  • land management
  • land methods
  • land policy
  • land rights
  • land tenure
  • land tenure security
  • land tools
  • land research networks
  • natural resource management
  • women's land rights
  • youths' land rights

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Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 627 KiB  
Editorial
Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods: Emerging Lessons for Governance and Policy
by Uchendu Eugene Chigbu
Land 2020, 9(12), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120507 - 10 Dec 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
Women and youths encounter problems with access to land, as well as securing tenure in land resources [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

14 pages, 542 KiB  
Article
Gender Inequality and Symbolic Violence in Women’s Access to Family Land in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
by Justin Lusasi and Dismas Mwaseba
Land 2020, 9(11), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110468 - 22 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6443
Abstract
We set out to unveil gender inequality with respect to women’s access to family land following the surge in tree-planting in selected villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Specifically, the study describes land-transaction procedures at the household level and shows how the [...] Read more.
We set out to unveil gender inequality with respect to women’s access to family land following the surge in tree-planting in selected villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Specifically, the study describes land-transaction procedures at the household level and shows how the lack of women’s involvement in such land transactions affect their access to and control over family lands. Gender inequality is portrayed in a variety of social and economic activities, with women being deprived of access to, control over, and ownership of land. Although the current land laws address gender inequalities pertaining to women’s access to, ownership of, and control over land, the impact of such reforms has been minimal. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence, we reveal how women suffer symbolic violence through traditional practices of land management and administration. Societies in the studied villages are strongly patriarchal, with men being dominant and women subordinate. In such a patriarchal system, women’s empowerment is urgent. Women require knowledge and awareness of the laws and regulations that affirm their rights not only to family lands, but also to participation in decision-making processes regarding family assets. We recommend non-oppressive approaches to natural-resource management. As such, we call for existing authorities at the village and district levels, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and legal bodies to promote gender equality in land-management practices. We also advocate dialectical communication between women and men in order to reveal and heal practices of symbolic violence, and enhance gender equality in respect of access to land and its control and ownership in villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Effective implementation of existing land laws and regulations that address gender inequality and associated violence is unavoidable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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22 pages, 4571 KiB  
Article
Urbanization and Increasing Flood Risk in the Northern Coast of Central Java—Indonesia: An Assessment towards Better Land Use Policy and Flood Management
by Wiwandari Handayani, Uchendu Eugene Chigbu, Iwan Rudiarto and Intan Hapsari Surya Putri
Land 2020, 9(10), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100343 - 23 Sep 2020
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8006
Abstract
This study explores urbanization and flood events in the northern coast of Central Java with river basin as its unit of analysis. Two types of analysis were applied (i.e., spatial data and non-spatial data analysis) at four river basin areas in Central Java—Indonesia. [...] Read more.
This study explores urbanization and flood events in the northern coast of Central Java with river basin as its unit of analysis. Two types of analysis were applied (i.e., spatial data and non-spatial data analysis) at four river basin areas in Central Java—Indonesia. The spatial analysis is focused on the assessment of LULC change in 2009–2018 based on Landsat Imagery. The non-spatial data (i.e., rural-urban classification and flood events) were overlaid with results of spatial data analyses. Our findings show that urbanization, as indicated by the growth rate of built-up areas, is very significant. Notable exposure to flood has taken place in the urban and potentially urban areas. The emerging discussion indicates that river basins possess dual spatial identity in the urban system (policy- and land-use-related). Proper land use planning and control is an essential instrument to safeguard urban areas (such as the case study area) and the entire island of Java in Indonesia. More attention should be put upon the river basin areas in designing eco-based approach to tackle the urban flood crises. In this case, the role of governance in flood management is crucial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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9 pages, 800 KiB  
Article
Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining
by Jae-hyuck Lee and Do-kyun Kim
Land 2020, 9(9), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090287 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2792
Abstract
Mapping the characteristics and extent of environmental conflicts related to land use is important for developing regionally specific policies. However, because it is only possible to verify the frequency of conflicts on a specific predetermined subject, it is difficult to determine the various [...] Read more.
Mapping the characteristics and extent of environmental conflicts related to land use is important for developing regionally specific policies. However, because it is only possible to verify the frequency of conflicts on a specific predetermined subject, it is difficult to determine the various reasons for conflicts in a region. Therefore, this study mapped the current status of regional environmental conflicts in South Korea using a spatial text mining technique, then proposed relevant management policies. The results were obtained by analyzing environmental conflict data extracted from the online agendas of regional environmental organizations. Air quality-related conflicts in South Korea are concentrated in western municipalities; development-related conflicts are concentrated in the southern region of Jeju Island; and intensive safety-related conflicts occur in metropolitan areas, particularly Ulsan. Thus, the type of conflict is determined by the local environment, in accordance with the definition of environmental conflict, and the distribution is determined by the location of the stakeholder population. This study reveals the issues and locations related to local environmental conflict that require further attention, and proposes more wide-ranging methods for managing the links between conflicts by mapping environmental conflicts on a large scale rather than on an individual basis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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17 pages, 1540 KiB  
Article
Smallholder Agricultural Investment and Productivity under Contract Farming and Customary Tenure System: A Malawian Perspective
by Emmanuel Olatunbosun Benjamin
Land 2020, 9(8), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9080277 - 18 Aug 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4047
Abstract
Land tenure security, especially customary residence systems, is found to influence the agricultural investment decision-making and productivity of smallholder farmers across sub-Saharan Africa. However, as country-specific customary residence systems and farming models evolve over time, their impact on food security and livelihood remains [...] Read more.
Land tenure security, especially customary residence systems, is found to influence the agricultural investment decision-making and productivity of smallholder farmers across sub-Saharan Africa. However, as country-specific customary residence systems and farming models evolve over time, their impact on food security and livelihood remains unclear. This study investigates the impact of customary residence systems on both agricultural investment (in tea shrubs and agroforestry) and productivity among contracted smallholder tea outgrowers in Southern Malawi. A survey of 228 farmers was conducted in 2018, and a linear probability and ordinary least squared (OLS) models were used for the analysis. The results suggest that matrilocal residence practices positively influence agricultural investment. The study concluded that despite the dominance of matrilineal-matrilocal systems in Southern Malawi, there is a need for policy to address gender gaps in the region because women are still vulnerable and insecure even in these assumed women-friendly customary systems. It is recommended that future research explores other prevailing tenure security systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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14 pages, 3177 KiB  
Communication
Absent Voices: Women and Youth in Communal Land Governance. Reflections on Methods and Process from Exploratory Research in West and East Africa
by Stefanie Lemke and Priscilla Claeys
Land 2020, 9(8), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9080266 - 10 Aug 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4034
Abstract
An increasing number of African States are recognizing customary land tenure. Yet, there is a lack of research on how community rights are recognized in legal and policy frameworks, how they are implemented in practice, and how to include marginalized groups. In 2018–2019, [...] Read more.
An increasing number of African States are recognizing customary land tenure. Yet, there is a lack of research on how community rights are recognized in legal and policy frameworks, how they are implemented in practice, and how to include marginalized groups. In 2018–2019, we engaged in collaborative exploratory research on governing natural resources for food sovereignty with social movement networks, human rights lawyers and academics in West and East Africa. In this article, we reflect on the process and methods applied to identify research gaps and partners (i.e., two field visits and regional participatory workshops in Mali and Uganda), with a view to share lessons learned. In current debates on the recognition and protection of collective rights to land and resources, we found there is a need for more clarity and documentation, with customary land being privatized and norms rapidly changing. Further, the voices of women and youth are lacking in communal land governance. This process led to collaborative research with peasant and pastoralist organizations in Kenya, Tanzania, Mali and Guinea, with the aim to achieve greater self-determination and participation of women and youth in communal land governance, through capacity building, participatory research, horizontal dialogues and action for social change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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19 pages, 922 KiB  
Article
Benefits and Constraints of the Agricultural Land Acquisition for Urbanization for Household Gender Equality in Affected Rural Communes: A Case Study in Huong Thuy Town, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
by Nhung Pham Thi, Martin Kappas and Daniel Wyss
Land 2020, 9(8), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9080249 - 28 Jul 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4204
Abstract
The Vietnamese Government has implemented agricultural land acquisition for urbanization (ALAFU) since 2010 which has caused a high level of social-economic transition in the country. In this paper, we applied the gender and development approach to discover how ALAFU has influenced the household [...] Read more.
The Vietnamese Government has implemented agricultural land acquisition for urbanization (ALAFU) since 2010 which has caused a high level of social-economic transition in the country. In this paper, we applied the gender and development approach to discover how ALAFU has influenced the household gender equality in affected areas in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. The data for this paper was mainly collected from two household group surveys, four group discussions, and six key informant interviews. Group 1 covers 50 affected households whose agricultural land was acquired for urbanization, while Group 2 consists of 50 households whose agricultural land was not taken away. The findings reveal that ALAFU has led to reduced access to agricultural land for group 1, but has contributed to an increase of economic status for women in both groups by creating non-farming job opportunities with a good income. However, most of their new jobs are still informal, contain potential risks, and the unpaid care work burden is heavy. Moreover, although the rate of women participating in household decision making has increased, the quality of participation is limited. Their participation in social activities and vocational training courses has improved insignificantly. Therefore, if the Government continues to promote ALAFU, they should take structural gender inequalities into account to achieve their sustainable development goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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22 pages, 1671 KiB  
Article
Using a Gender-Responsive Land Rights Framework to Assess Youth Land Rights in Rural Liberia
by Elizabeth Louis, Tizai Mauto, My-Lan Dodd, Tasha Heidenrich, Peter Dolo and Emmanuel Urey
Land 2020, 9(8), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9080247 - 27 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3505
Abstract
This article summarizes the evidence on youth land rights in Liberia from a literature review combined with primary research from two separate studies: (1) A qualitative assessment conducted as formative research to inform the design of the Land Rights and Sustainable Development (LRSD) [...] Read more.
This article summarizes the evidence on youth land rights in Liberia from a literature review combined with primary research from two separate studies: (1) A qualitative assessment conducted as formative research to inform the design of the Land Rights and Sustainable Development (LRSD) project for Landesa and its partners’ community level interventions; and (2) a quantitative baseline survey of program beneficiaries as part of an evaluation of the LRSD project. The findings are presented using a Gender-Responsive Land Rights Framework that examines youth land rights through a gender lens. The evidence highlights that female and male youth in Liberia face significant but different barriers to long-term access to land, as well as to participation in decisions related to land. Our suggested recommendations offer insights for the implementation of Liberia’s recently passed Land Rights Act as well as for community-level interventions focused on increasing youth land tenure security in Liberia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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28 pages, 2897 KiB  
Article
The Nexus between Peri-Urban Transformation and Customary Land Rights Disputes: Effects on Peri-Urban Development in Trede, Ghana
by Barikisa Owusu Ansah and Uchendu Eugene Chigbu
Land 2020, 9(6), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9060187 - 05 Jun 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5580
Abstract
Typically, peri-urban areas are havens and vulnerable receptors of customary land rights (CLRs) disputes due to the intrusion of urban activities or an uncoordinated mix of both. Although it is a dictum that CLRs cause setbacks to socioeconomic and spatial development, there seems [...] Read more.
Typically, peri-urban areas are havens and vulnerable receptors of customary land rights (CLRs) disputes due to the intrusion of urban activities or an uncoordinated mix of both. Although it is a dictum that CLRs cause setbacks to socioeconomic and spatial development, there seems to be a paucity of empirical studies on the effects of the CLRs disputes on the development of peri-urban areas, especially in developing countries, such as Ghana. This study addresses this issue by establishing a link between peri-urban transformation and emerging CLRs disputes, while assessing the effects of these disputes on the development of peri-urban areas. The study adopted a problem-centered mixed methods approach with a focus on the case of Trede, a town in Ghana transitioning from rural to urban status. Findings reveal that the changes leading to enhancing of peri-urban transformation are also the same changes inducing CLRs disputes in the area. It was found that the implementation of a local land use plan is a critical driver of CLRs disputes in Trede. A land-use plan implemented as a major step in converting rural lands into urban plots, triggered tenurial changes, land market development, high land values, loss of agricultural land, etc., which become recipes for the CLRs disputes in the study area. These CLRs disputes have hatched detrimental consequences on the economic, social, and physical developmental trajectories of Trede. As a way forward, the study proposes measures for peri-urban land management and CLRs dispute prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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25 pages, 1267 KiB  
Article
Community Development through the Empowerment of Indigenous Women in Cuetzalan Del Progreso, Mexico
by Pamela Durán-Díaz, Adriana Armenta-Ramírez, Anne Kristiina Kurjenoja and Melissa Schumacher
Land 2020, 9(5), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9050163 - 20 May 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6466
Abstract
Women are an underappreciated economic force who, when empowered by association with a female organization, can be a catalyst for development. To assess the status of Indigenous rural women, as well as the mechanisms and impacts of their empowerment, this paper presents a [...] Read more.
Women are an underappreciated economic force who, when empowered by association with a female organization, can be a catalyst for development. To assess the status of Indigenous rural women, as well as the mechanisms and impacts of their empowerment, this paper presents a case study of a community development approach based on the Masehual Siuamej Mosenyolchicacauani organization in Cuetzalan del Progreso, Puebla. The methodology used is a mixed-methods approach involving a literature review of two regional instruments: The Federal Program “Pueblos Mágicos” and the Land and Environmental Management Program “POET” for Cuetzalan. It also includes geo-data collection from public sources, empirical data collection from open-ended interviews, and focus group discussions with key informants from the Indigenous organization. The research found that, despite an inclusive legal and institutional framework, weak policy implementation and certain federal programs tend to segregate Indigenous communities. Mechanisms such as cultural tourism and inclusive land management programs, capacity building initiatives, and female associations have proven useful for empowering women and have had positive socioeconomic impacts on the community. The research concluded that female Indigenous associations are a tool to empower rural women, grant them tenure security, strengthen their engagement in decision making, and consolidate them as key stakeholders in community development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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25 pages, 1261 KiB  
Article
Rural Women’s Invisible Work in Census and State Rural Development Plans: The Argentinean Patagonian Case
by Paula Gabriela Núñez, Carolina Lara Michel, Paula Alejandra Leal Tejeda and Martín Andrés Núñez
Land 2020, 9(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030092 - 22 Mar 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3574
Abstract
This article reviews the invisibility and the recognition of rural female work in the Patagonian region of Argentina over time. The analysis is carried out based on (a) the systematisation of research articles (b) a historical study of censuses, and (c) the systematisation [...] Read more.
This article reviews the invisibility and the recognition of rural female work in the Patagonian region of Argentina over time. The analysis is carried out based on (a) the systematisation of research articles (b) a historical study of censuses, and (c) the systematisation of rural development plans related to the subject. The article adopts an ecofeminist perspective. The results have been organised into four sections. (1) An overview of the later Patagonian integration; (2) the work of Patagonian women in history; (3) the recognition of rural production in censuses; (4) Patagonian family farming. We found out that the metaphors that relate women with the land are used to deny both rural female work and the family land use. One of its consequences is that Patagonia has become one of the most affected by extractivism. We conclude reviewing the forms of economic and political recognition, which could intervene in future planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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15 pages, 3244 KiB  
Article
The Changing Structure and Concentration of Agricultural Land Holdings in Estonia and Possible Threat for Rural Areas
by Evelin Jürgenson and Marii Rasva
Land 2020, 9(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020041 - 02 Feb 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5740
Abstract
In most European countries, there has been a decrease in the number of farms, while the area of agricultural land has remained almost the same. This ongoing process of land concentration can affect Europe’s small farms and rural areas. The EU has acknowledged [...] Read more.
In most European countries, there has been a decrease in the number of farms, while the area of agricultural land has remained almost the same. This ongoing process of land concentration can affect Europe’s small farms and rural areas. The EU has acknowledged that the problem is serious and that, to solve it, it must be studied more closely. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to discuss changes in the agricultural sector from the aspect of land use, with emphasis on land concentration in Estonia, further scientific discussion about the effects of changes in land use on rural areas is encouraged. The study is carried out using two kinds of data sources: (1) statistical data from Eurostat, FAOSTAT and Statistics Estonia, (2) data from the Estonian Agricultural Registers and Information Board. The conclusion of the paper is that while the number of farms is going down, the average area of agricultural land use per farm is on the rise in Estonia. Agricultural land has been increasingly concentrated into the hands of corporate bodies. This study shows that there is a status of land concentration in Estonia that needs ongoing studies and a proper policy should be established to mitigate the impact of land concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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19 pages, 1873 KiB  
Article
Household Land Allocations and the Youth Land Access Nexus: Evidence from the Techiman Area of Ghana
by Joseph Kwaku Kidido and Monica Lengoiboni
Land 2019, 8(12), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/land8120185 - 05 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4451
Abstract
Building inclusive societies that reflect the needs of all categories of people within the social spectrum is critical to achieving sustainable development. This is reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which among things seek to ‘by 2030, empower and promote the social, [...] Read more.
Building inclusive societies that reflect the needs of all categories of people within the social spectrum is critical to achieving sustainable development. This is reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which among things seek to ‘by 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex. This places enormous tasks on all governments especially in developing countries like Ghana to ensure that the youth are not left behind in access and control over land as a building block for economic empowerment. This task is particularly critical in view of the sheer numbers of the youth and yet economically marginalized underpinned by high levels of unemployment and underemployment. This case study investigates the youth land rights within the context of household landholdings and allocations dynamics. The study took place in the Techiman area in Ghana. The study sampled 455 youth and 138 household heads. The study revealed that household lands are important building block for majority of the youth in the Techiman area. It gives them a sense of security in the usage. However, the youth’s ability to depend on this source to kick start independence economic life is beset with land scarcity, non-allocation and accumulation by the lineage heads who have prerogative over household lands. The study underscores the need for social welfare scheme for the aged farmers so that they can timely release land to the younger ones without fearing for what to sustain them. There is also the need for government to create land banks to support the willing youth to engage in agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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21 pages, 9515 KiB  
Article
Farmers Willingness to Participate In Voluntary Land Consolidation in Gozamin District, Ethiopia
by Abebaw Andarge Gedefaw, Clement Atzberger, Walter Seher and Reinfried Mansberger
Land 2019, 8(10), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/land8100148 - 12 Oct 2019
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5562
Abstract
In many African countries and especially in the highlands of Ethiopia—the investigation site of this paper—agricultural land is highly fragmented. Small and scattered parcels impede a necessary increase in agricultural efficiency. Land consolidation is a proper tool to solve inefficiencies in agricultural production, [...] Read more.
In many African countries and especially in the highlands of Ethiopia—the investigation site of this paper—agricultural land is highly fragmented. Small and scattered parcels impede a necessary increase in agricultural efficiency. Land consolidation is a proper tool to solve inefficiencies in agricultural production, as it enables consolidating plots based on the consent of landholders. Its major benefits are that individual farms get larger, more compact, contiguous parcels, resulting in lower cultivation efforts. This paper investigates the determinants influencing the willingness of landholder farmers to participate in voluntary land consolidation processes. The study was conducted in Gozamin District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. The study was mainly based on survey data collected from 343 randomly selected landholder farmers. In addition, structured interviews and focus group discussions with farmers were held. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively mainly by using a logistic regression model and qualitatively by using focus group discussions and expert panels. According to the results, landholder farmers are predominantly willing to participate in voluntary land consolidation (66.8%), while a substantive fraction of farmers express unease with voluntary land consolidation. The study highlighted the following four determinants to be significant in influencing the willingness of farmers for voluntary land consolidation: (1) the exchange should preferably happen with parcels of neighbors, (2) land consolidation should lead to better arranged parcels, (3) nearness of plots to the farmstead, and (4) an expected improvement in productivity. Interestingly, the majority of farmers believes that land consolidation could reduce land use conflicts. The study provides evidence that policymakers should consider these socio-economic, legal, cultural, infrastructural, and land-related factors when designing and implementing voluntary land consolidation policies and programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research

1 pages, 147 KiB  
Erratum
Erratum: Lee, J.-H.; Kim, D.-K. Mapping Environmental Conflicts Using Spatial Text Mining. Land 2020, 9, 287
by Jae-hyuck Lee and Do-Kyun Kim
Land 2020, 9(11), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/land9110434 - 05 Nov 2020
Viewed by 1278
Abstract
The authors would like to correct the following section of this paper [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land, Women, Youths, and Land Tools or Methods)
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