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Applied Sport Physiology and Performance
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Applied Sport Physiology and Performance

A special issue of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142). This special issue belongs to the section "Athletic Training and Human Performance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 44950

Special Issue Editor

Dr. William Guyton Hornsby

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Office, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
Interests: sport science; athlete monitoring; weightlifting; force plate assessment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Applied research aimed at better understanding the training process and/or underlying aspects of sport performance can be invaluable to coaches and sport scientists. Competitive athletes can respond differently than untrained or recreationally trained individuals to the same training stimuli. Additionally, the physiological makeup of more advanced athletes has been shown to favor certain “profiles” (e.g., anthropometrics, muscle fiber type) depending on the sport. This general area of research is often challenging for many reasons, e.g., small sample sizes, lack of true control group, well past initial adaptation period. This Special Issue will welcome research on trained athletes and can include cross-sectional research (e.g., relationships), longitudinal studies (e.g., training studies), and review articles. Of particular interest is research conducted in an ecologically valid manner and for studies that involve a training intervention; detailed reporting of the training prescription.

Dr. William Guyton Hornsby III
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Sport science
  • Periodization
  • Athlete monitoring
  • Training prescription
  • Sport performance
  • Sport physiology
  • Training adaptation

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review, Other

10 pages, 340 KiB  
Article
Body Composition Changes over Multiple Academic Years in Female Collegiate Soccer Players
by Austin Katona, Caroline Riewe, Angela Bruzina, Nicholas J Ollberding, Mary Ankrom, Jon Divine, Robert Mangine and Abigail Peairs
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040072 - 28 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2666
Abstract
Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order [...] Read more.
Body composition plays a key role in overall health and sports performance and its assessment is an important part of many athletic programs. The purpose of this study was to describe longitudinal changes in body composition for collegiate female soccer players in order to provide data to inform future training and nutrition interventions for this population. A linear mixed-model (LMM) approach was used to analyze four years of pre- and post-season body composition data, including total mass, fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, and body fat percentage (%BF) for 49 athletes. Athletes gained an average of 0.5 kg FFM during the season (p < 0.05) and increased total mass, FFM, fat mass, and %BF (2.5 kg, 1.1 kg, 1.7 kg, and 1.7%, respectively; p < 0.05) over four years. Freshmen experienced a 1.5 kg gain in total mass pre- to post-season (p < 0.05), while no changes in total mass or body composition were seen in other grade levels. Gains in %BF during the off season between Freshman and Sophomore years represented negative changes in body composition that should be addressed further. These results can help interdisciplinary athlete care teams optimize training programs in this population by understanding what changes are expected over multiple years. Normalizing these changes may also help the promotion of realistic body composition goals and the development of positive training and dietary habits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)
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7 pages, 209 KiB  
Communication
Addressing the Confusion within Periodization Research
by W. Guy Hornsby, Andrew C. Fry, G. Gregory Haff and Michael H. Stone
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030068 - 28 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9201
Abstract
In this editorial, we focus on recent problematic developments in sport science, and more specifically, problems related to periodization research. Primary areas discussed are (1) appreciation of history, (2) considerations for training studies, (3) the development of concepts, and (4) programming-driven training models. [...] Read more.
In this editorial, we focus on recent problematic developments in sport science, and more specifically, problems related to periodization research. Primary areas discussed are (1) appreciation of history, (2) considerations for training studies, (3) the development of concepts, and (4) programming-driven training models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)
10 pages, 582 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Different Types of Eccentric Overload Training on Strength, Speed, Power and Change of Direction in Female Basketball Players
by Joey O Brien, Declan Browne and Des Earls
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030050 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5250
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of eccentric (ECC) overload training on strength, speed, power and change of direction in female basketball players. Twenty amateur basketball players (mean ± SD: age: 23.67 ± 6.05 years; height: [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of eccentric (ECC) overload training on strength, speed, power and change of direction in female basketball players. Twenty amateur basketball players (mean ± SD: age: 23.67 ± 6.05 years; height: 1.73 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 80.28 ± 17.67 kg) participated in a randomized trial. The players performed either flywheel inertial training (FIT) (n = 11) or tempo ECC training (TET) (n = 9) for 4 weeks, performing two sessions weekly. Performance characteristics, one repetition back squat (1RM), counter-movement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), 10-metre sprint (10 m), change of direction (COD) and sit and reach flexibility (S&R) were tested pre and post intervention. Post-hoc testing revealed significant improvements in the FIT group for 1RM (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.59), 10 m (p = 0.003; ES = −0.54) and CMJ (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 1.04), while significant improvements were revealed in the TET group for 1RM (p = 0.007; ES = 0.71) and S&R (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.58). In conclusion, both FIT and TET groups demonstrated a positive training stimulus for increasing muscular strength. FIT may produce superior adaptions in CMJ and 10-m sprint, while TET may produce superior adaptions in S&R. Neither group achieved increases in either SJ or COD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)
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14 pages, 3033 KiB  
Article
Test and Evaluation of Heart Rate Derived Core Temperature Algorithms for Use in NCAA Division I Football Athletes
by Joshua Hagen, Aaron Himmler, Joseph Clark, Jad Ramadan, Jason Stone, Jon Divine and Robert Mangine
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5030046 - 6 Jul 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3032
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of utilizing heart rate to derive an estimate of core body temperature in American Football athletes. This was evaluated by combining commercially available Zephyr Bioharness devices, which includes an embedded estimated core temperature [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of utilizing heart rate to derive an estimate of core body temperature in American Football athletes. This was evaluated by combining commercially available Zephyr Bioharness devices, which includes an embedded estimated core temperature (ECT) algorithm, and an ingestible radio frequency core temperature pill during the highest heat injury risk timepoint of the season, summer training camp. Results showed a concordance of 0.643 and 78% of all data points fell within +/−1.0 °F. When the athletes were split into Upper (>/=6.0%) and Lower (<6.0%) body composition groups, there was a statistical improvement in accuracy with the Upper Body Fat% reaching 0.834 concordance and 93% of all values falling within +/−1.0 °F of the Gold Standard. Results suggest that heart rate derived core temperature assessments are a viable tool for heat stress monitoring in American football, but more work is required to improve on accuracy based on body composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)
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16 pages, 3165 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Training with Weightlifting Catching or Pulling Derivatives on Squat Jump and Countermovement Jump Force–Time Adaptations
by Timothy J. Suchomel, Shana M. McKeever, John J. McMahon and Paul Comfort
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020028 - 1 May 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7365
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) force–time curve characteristics following 10 weeks of training with either load-matched weightlifting catching (CATCH) or pulling derivatives (PULL) or pulling derivatives that included force- and [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) force–time curve characteristics following 10 weeks of training with either load-matched weightlifting catching (CATCH) or pulling derivatives (PULL) or pulling derivatives that included force- and velocity-specific loading (OL). Twenty-five resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to the CATCH, PULL, or OL groups. Participants completed a 10 week, group-specific training program. SJ and CMJ height, propulsion mean force, and propulsion time were compared at baseline and after 3, 7, and 10 weeks. In addition, time-normalized SJ and CMJ force–time curves were compared between baseline and after 10 weeks. No between-group differences were present for any of the examined variables, and only trivial to small changes existed within each group. The greatest improvements in SJ and CMJ height were produced by the OL and PULL groups, respectively, while only trivial changes were present for the CATCH group. These changes were underpinned by greater propulsion forces and reduced propulsion times. The OL group displayed significantly greater relative force during the SJ and CMJ compared to the PULL and CATCH groups, respectively. Training with weightlifting pulling derivatives may produce greater vertical jump adaptations compared to training with catching derivatives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)
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7 pages, 195 KiB  
Article
The Physical Demands of NCAA Division I Women’s College Soccer
by Robert W. Sausaman, Matt L. Sams, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Brad H. DeWeese and Michael H. Stone
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2019, 4(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4040073 - 12 Dec 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4755
Abstract
Extensive research into women’s collegiate soccer is scarce, leaving gaps in the literature with little information available detailing the physical demands at different standards of play. Our purpose was to elucidate the physical demands of the Division I collegiate level and identify differences [...] Read more.
Extensive research into women’s collegiate soccer is scarce, leaving gaps in the literature with little information available detailing the physical demands at different standards of play. Our purpose was to elucidate the physical demands of the Division I collegiate level and identify differences between playing positions. Twenty-three field players were observed during four competitive seasons using 10-Hz GPS units (Catapult Sports, Melbourne, Australia). Descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals were used to determine group and position-specific physical demands. Linear mixed modelling (LMM) was used to compare attacker, midfielder, and defender position groups. Total distance, high-speed distance, and sprint distance were 9486 ± 300 m, 1014 ± 118 m, and 428 ± 70 m, respectively. Furthermore, attackers were observed to cover the greatest distance at all speeds compared to midfielders and defenders. Our findings suggest that the physical demands of Division I women’s soccer differ by position and appear lower compared to higher standards of play. Therefore, coaches and sports scientists responsible for the physical training of Division I collegiate players should consider the specific physical demands of the collegiate level and playing position when prescribing training, as well as in the development of their annual training programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)

Review

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25 pages, 454 KiB  
Review
Emphasizing Task-Specific Hypertrophy to Enhance Sequential Strength and Power Performance
by S. Kyle Travis, Ai Ishida, Christopher B. Taber, Andrew C. Fry and Michael H. Stone
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040076 - 27 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 8802
Abstract
While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are [...] Read more.
While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are dependent upon how the muscle adapts to the training stimuli and overall training stress. When comparing bodybuilders to strength and power athletes such as powerlifters, weightlifters, and throwers, while muscle size may be similar, the ability to produce force and power is often inequivalent. Thus, performance differences go beyond structural changes and may be due to the muscle’s ultrastructural constituents and training induced adaptations. Relative to potentiating strength and power performances, eliciting specific ultrastructural changes should be a variable of interest during hypertrophic training phases. By focusing on task-specific hypertrophy, it may be possible to achieve an optimal amount of hypertrophy while deemphasizing metabolic and aerobic components that are often associated with high-volume training. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to briefly address different types of hypertrophy and provide directions for practitioners who are aiming to achieve optimal rather than maximal hypertrophy, as it relates to altering ultrastructural muscular components, to potentiate strength and power performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)

Other

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14 pages, 1404 KiB  
Brief Report
Alterations in Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, Testosterone, and Cortisol across Eleven Weeks of Training among Division One Collegiate Throwers: A Preliminary Study
by W. Guy Hornsby, G. Gregory Haff, Dylan G. Suarez, Michael W. Ramsey, N. Travis Triplett, Justin P. Hardee, Margaret E. Stone and Michael H. Stone
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020044 - 19 Jun 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3072
Abstract
Cytokine and hormone concentrations can be linked to the manipulation of training variables and to subsequent alterations in performance. Subjects: Nine D-1 collegiate throwers and 4 control subjects participated in this preliminary and exploratory report. Methods: Hormone (testosterone (T) and cortisol (C)) and [...] Read more.
Cytokine and hormone concentrations can be linked to the manipulation of training variables and to subsequent alterations in performance. Subjects: Nine D-1 collegiate throwers and 4 control subjects participated in this preliminary and exploratory report. Methods: Hormone (testosterone (T) and cortisol (C)) and adipokine (adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) measurements were taken at weeks 1, 7, and 11 for the throwers and weeks 1 and 11 for the control group. The throwers participated in an 11-week periodized resistance training and throws program during the fall preparatory period. Volume load was recorded throughout the study. Results: Hormone values did not exhibit statistically significant changes across time; however, there were notable changes for C, the testosterone to cortisol ratio (T:C), and adiponectin. Conclusions: T:C was increased as volume load decreased, and adiponectin increased in concert with decreases in C and increases in the T:C, possibly suggesting a lesser degree of obesity-related inflammation and a higher degree of “fitness” and preparedness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Sport Physiology and Performance)
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