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Insights into Spray, Combustion, and Flames of Alternative Clean and Bio-Fuels

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B2: Clean Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2024) | Viewed by 4828

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sven Eckart

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Guest Editor

Chair of Gas and Heat Technology, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Interests: combustion; laminar and turbulent flames; laser diagnostics; thermal process engineering; emissions; syn- and biofuels

Prof. Dr. Ping Wang

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Guest Editor

Energy Research Institue, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
Interests: turbulent combustion; large eddy simulation; gas turbines combustion technology; hydrogen and ammonia combustion
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Dr. Chunkan Yu

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Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Interests: combustion; laminar and turbulent reacting flows; CFD; model reduction for chemical kinetics

Dr. Akram Mohammad

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Guest Editor

Department of Aerospace Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Interests: combustion; flames; emission; propulsion; engines; fuels; energy

Dr. Hao Shi

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Guest Editor

School of Engineering, College of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
Interests: ammonia/hydrogen combustion; internal combustion engine; optical diagnostics; combined heating and power; heat pump

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mitigating climate change is a global challenge for current and future generations. The combustion of conventional fuels is one of the main issues at the centre of the debate and represents a complex task. Many production processes are currently difficult to imagine cost-effectively and efficiently without combustion. One possible approach to reduce the carbon footprint is to increase combustion efficiency and use carbon-neutral and/or carbon-free fuels. In addition to the many basic industrial processes (steel, glass concrete, ceramics, chemicals), mobility and heat generation also represent a large area for savings.

Improving technology can help reduce harmful impacts. The development of new process chains, new fuels and new thermal processes is an important part of this. Synthetic fuels, biofuels (e.g., ethanol, bio-diesel), and other new-generation fuels (e.g., nitrogen-based fuels) can help drive carbon neutrality in mobility. The use of hydrogen and ammonia, in addition to electrification, can lead the industry and heavy industry in particular to a green future. Fundamental studies are needed to optimize these processes for future sustainability. Currently, combustion engineers are working intensively on new fuel concepts that serve the well-being of today's civilization. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the use of low-carbon and/or zero-carbon fuels. These fuels can be produced from bio-sources or renewable energy sources and can significantly improve air quality compared to conventional fuels. The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of recent advances and a better understanding of new technologies for using low- and zero-carbon fuels. This Special Issue includes articles that address experimental and theoretical work, from fundamentals to combustion applications.

Dr. Sven Eckart
Prof. Ping Wang
Dr. Chunkan Yu
Dr. Akram Mohammad
Dr. Hao Shi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

combustion fundamentals
laminar flames
turbulent flames
bio and syn-fuels
low-carbon or zero-carbon fuels combustion
gasification, oxidation and pyrolysis of low-carbon fuels
ammonia and hydrogen combustion
combustion diagnostics and modeling
gas phase chemical kinetics
MILD or flameless combustion
IC engines and Gas turbine engines
oxygenated fuel combustion
computational kinetics and kinetic modeling
alternative fuels
explosion
air pollution

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 6550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on the Combustion Properties of Ammonia/DME and Ammonia/DMM Mixtures

by Yuanpu Zhang, Qian Wang, Liming Dai, Ming Zhang and Chunkan Yu

Energies 2023, 16(19), 6929; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196929 - 2 Oct 2023

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Abstract

Ammonia (NH₃) is considered a promising zero-carbon fuel and was extensively studied recently. Mixing high-reactivity oxygenated fuels such as dimethyl ether (DME) or dimethoxymethane (DMM) with ammonia is a realistic approach to overcome the low reactivity of NH₃. To study the combustion characteristics of NH₃/DMM and NH₃/DME mixtures, we constructed a NH₃/DMM chemical mechanism and tested its accuracy using measured laminar burning velocity (LBV) and ignition delay time (IDT) of both NH₃/DMM and NH₃/DME mixtures from the literature. The kinetic analysis of NH₃/DMM flames using this mechanism reveals that the CH₃ radicals generated from the oxidation of DMM substantially affects the oxidation pathway of NH₃ at an early stage of flame propagation. We investigated the formation of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) in NH₃/DMM and NH₃/DME flames and little difference can be found in the NO_x emissions. Using NH₃/DMM flames as an example, the peak NO_x emissions are located at an equivalence ratio (

φ

) of 0.9 and a DMM fraction of 40% in the conditions studied. Kinetic analysis shows that NO_x emission is dominated by NO, which primarily comes from fuel nitrogen of NH₃. The addition of DMM at 40% significantly promotes the reactive radical pool (e.g., H, O, and OH) while the maintaining a high concentration of NO precursors (e.g., HNO, NO_2, and N₂O), which results in a high reaction rate of NO formation reaction and subsequently generates the highest NO emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Spray, Combustion, and Flames of Alternative Clean and Bio-Fuels)

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Review

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46 pages, 7579 KiB

Open AccessReview

High-Temperature Materials for Complex Components in Ammonia/Hydrogen Gas Turbines: A Critical Review

by Mustafa Alnaeli, Mohammad Alnajideen, Rukshan Navaratne, Hao Shi, Pawel Czyzewski, Ping Wang, Sven Eckart, Ali Alsaegh, Ali Alnasif, Syed Mashruk, Agustin Valera Medina and Philip John Bowen

Energies 2023, 16(19), 6973; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196973 - 6 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3094

Abstract

This article reviews the critical role of material selection and design in ensuring efficient performance and safe operation of gas turbine engines fuelled by ammonia–hydrogen. As these energy fuels present unique combustion characteristics in turbine combustors, the identification of suitable materials becomes imperative. Detailed material characterisation is indispensable for discerning defects and degradation routes in turbine components, thereby illuminating avenues for improvement. With elevated turbine inlet temperatures, there is an augmented susceptibility to thermal degradation and mechanical shortcomings, especially in the high-pressure turbine blade—a critical life-determining component. This review highlights challenges in turbine design for ammonia–hydrogen fuels, addressing concerns like ammonia corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement, and stress corrosion cracking. To ensure engine safety and efficacy, this article advocates for leveraging advanced analytical techniques in both material development and risk evaluation, emphasising the interplay among technological progress, equipment specifications, operational criteria, and analysis methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Spray, Combustion, and Flames of Alternative Clean and Bio-Fuels)

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