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Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "D1: Advanced Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 26376

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Prof. Dr. Ewa Korzeniewska

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Vice-President of Polish Society of Applied Electromagnetism, Faculty of Electrical, Electronic, Computer and Control Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18/22, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
Interests: materials science; textronics; wearable electronics; thin films; electromagnetic field applications; electrical engineering systems
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Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to present solutions based on sensor systems, tomography, and IT, as well as electrotechnical and electronic systems using machine learning and optimization that can potentially be used in industry, environmental work, or medicine.

The main emphasis will be on interdisciplinary work and research fields that include experimental, theoretical, and computational work focused on artificial intelligence, data analysis, and data interpretation.

Dr. Ewa Korzeniewska
Guest Editor

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Keywords

applications of electromagnetism in engineering and medicine
applications of electromagnetic energy in food processing
intelligent sensors
wearable sensors
non-destructive testing
inverse problems
tomography
artificial intelligence
machine learning
deep learning
image analysis
data analysis
numerical calculations
internet of things
Industry 4.0

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

High-Precision Voltage Measurement for Optical Quantum Computation

by Kamil Wereszczyński, Agnieszka Michalczuk, Marcin Paszkuta and Jacek Gumiela

Energies 2022, 15(12), 4205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124205 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

This paper presents a theoretical study into the use of optical systems for quantum computation. The study results pertain to quantum sampling and quantum communication and provide a basis for further research and the development of a physical implementation. We propose an optical superstructure that can implement specific computation processes and algorithms. The superstructure is composed of nonlinear optical units, such as beta barium borate crystals. The units are positioned in series, powered by a pulse laser pump, and culminate in a beam splitter that generates the output state of a number of entangled photon pairs. Computation is achieved by entanglement propagation via beam splitters and adjustable phase shifters, which set related parameters. Demonstrating a two-component case, we show how a series of cosine-based components can be implemented. The obtained results open a broad front for future research. Future work should investigate the construction of a quantum optimizer using quantum sampling methods and also investigate high-precision temporal voltage measurement, which is a key procedure for the construction of high-fidelity devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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18 pages, 9654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperation of an Electric Arc Device with a Power Supply System Equipped with a Superconducting Element

by Grzegorz Komarzyniec

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072553 - 31 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1176

Abstract

This paper analyses the validity of using superconductors in the power supply system of arc devices. Two cases were analysed: when an additional superconducting element was included in the conventional power supply system and when the total power supply system was made of a superconductor. The analysis was carried out by simulating the cooperation of the arc receiver with its simplified power supply system in Matlab Simulink software. The characteristics of the changes of the arc current, its conductance and voltage as a function of the arc length changes for selected superconductor parameters, i.e., different values of the critical current and different values of the resistance in the resistive state, are given. The time courses of these quantities as well as the courses of resistance changes in the superconductor at randomly varying arc lengths are presented. The analysis showed that by selecting the critical current and resistance in the resistive state of the superconductor, arc parameters such as arc current drawn and arc conductance can be influenced. By making the entire power system from a superconductor, the arc current can be increased by 1.8% for a 1 cm arc and by 1% for a 1 cm arc. The ability of the superconductor to lose its superconducting state and return to that state can be used to limit the value of the current drawn by the arc over certain ranges of arc length. The range of these lengths can be controlled by selecting the value of the critical current of the superconductor. By selecting the resistance of the superconductor in the resistive state, the value of the limited current can be influenced. In the case studied, for a 1 cm arc length, an arc current 45% lower was obtained when the superconductor was in the resistive state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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16 pages, 3754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the HTS Winding Tape on Limiting the Transient Currents in Superconducting Transformers

by Paweł Surdacki and Łukasz Woźniak

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051688 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

The article presents an extended computer model of a HTS (high temperature superconducting) 21 MVA 70/10.5 kV transformer with severalfold compound windings, based on a verified PSpice model of 10 kVA transformer with single windings. Two superconducting tapes: SCS12050 (with a copper stabiliser layer) and SF12050 (without a stabiliser) were used in the windings. The circuit model of the transformer developed in the PSpice environment considers Rhyner’s power law and the Jiles–Atherton description of the magnetic hysteresis loop. Two types of transient states were analysed: switching on a superconducting transformer to the network and an emergency short-circuit of the secondary winding. For the first five unidirectional current pulses generated when connecting an unloaded transformer to the network, the values of the pulse duration (γ angle), the temperature increase in the primary winding as well as the mean and effective values of the switch-on current were calculated. The waveforms of currents, voltages, changes in resistance and temperature during the operation short-circuit were compared for the windings with both types of HTS 2G (high temperature superconductor second generation) tapes. The conducted analysis allowed us to determine the influence of electrical and thermal parameters of the tapes in question on the effective limitation of current in transient states and the possibility of their use in the construction of superconducting transformer windings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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18 pages, 14424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Possibility of Using Iron Scale in the Construction of Electromagnetic Field Shields

by Adam Jakubas, Ewa Łada-Tondyra, Marcin Makówka and Łukasz Suchecki

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041332 - 12 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

Electromagnetic radiation can have a negative effect on electronic circuits, for example, by disrupting their work and communication. Therefore, there is a need to reduce or eliminate electromagnetic interference using shields. This paper focuses on using waste materials in the form of iron scale, which is easy and inexpensive to obtain for shielding. Iron scale is the result of gaseous or aqueous corrosion, due to which a superficial layer of metal oxides formed on the surface of heated metal objects as a result of their contact with air or water during an industrial process is developed. In this study, morphology, chemical, and phase composition measurements were carried out. The results show that all the iron-based materials investigated are mainly composed of iron oxides and pure iron. The polymer–iron composites with different quantitative and qualitative compositions were prepared to verify the shielding effectiveness. The electrical resistance, impact strength, and magnetic properties were measured, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile strength tests were performed. The tests confirmed the suitability of iron scale for the construction of electromagnetic field shielding material. Iron scale is cheap and easy to obtain from iron-based waste materials. The developed composites are easy to form and use recycled material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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16 pages, 4844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Modelling of Transient Processes in a Three Phase Electric Power System for a Single Phase Short-Circuit

by Andriy Chaban, Marek Lis, Andrzej Szafraniec and Vitaliy Levoniuk

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031126 - 3 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2058

Abstract

Field approaches are employed to develop a mathematical model of a power network section. The facility consists of two electric power subsystems described with ordinary differential equations and presented as concentrated parameter systems connected with a three-phase power supply line, presented as a distributed parameter system. The model of the electric power line is described with partial differential equations. Mathematically, the supply line model is described utilizing a mixed problem with explicitly indefinite boundary conditions. All electromagnetic state equations of the integrated system are introduced in their matrix-vector forms. The equation of the three-phase long supply line is expressed untraditionally as a system of two first-order differential equations as a function of long line voltage. Since the power supply line is part of the integrated system that includes two subsystems, the boundary conditions at the line’s start and end are implicitly defined, avoiding the traditional application of the Dirichlet first-type boundary condition. An expanded system of ordinary differential equations that describe physical processes in both the supply and loading subsystems is used to calculate the boundary conditions. To this end, third-type boundary conditions, or Poincaré’s conditions, serve to describe the wave equation of the electric power line. Such an integrated model of an electric power system helps analyse transient processes across the supply line when the electric power system is switched on and is single-phase short-circuited at the final point of the electric power line. A comparison of computer simulation results with well-known software packages shows a convergence of approx. 96%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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22 pages, 11507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Stabilisation of a Drive System Including a Power Transformer and Asynchronous and Synchronous Motors of Susceptible Motion Transmission

by Andriy Chaban, Marek Lis and Andrzej Szafraniec

Energies 2022, 15(3), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030811 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2058

Abstract

A mathematical model is developed of the master circuit of an electric driver system including a power transformer and susceptible motion transmission of asynchronous and synchronous drives. Electric motors drive water pumps by means of motion transmission that comprises two elastic couplings of lumped mechanical parameters and a long shaft of distributed mechanical parameters. Differential equations for oscillatory processes for the long shaft and the elastic couplings are different. The shaft is described with partial derivative Euler–Poisson equations, which, combined with the boundary conditions, form mixed problems from the mathematical point of view. The elastic couplings, on the other hand, are described with the ordinary second type Lagrange equations. Based on the theory of electromagnetic field, the partial differential equations describe the skin effects across the rotor age bars. Vertical pumps are presented by means of a loading torque waveform as a function of the input shaft’s angular velocity. The complex mathematical model serves to analyse electromechanical transient processes across the integrated drive system. Starting from there, conditions of stabilisation of the drive system voltage are determined. Electromechanical state equations are presented in the normal Cauchy form and integrated using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. Results of computer simulations are shown with graphics, which are interpreted and described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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8 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparison of Microwave Reflectance of Graphite and Reduced Graphene Oxide Used for Electronic Devices Protection

by Roman Kubacki, Ludwika Lipińska, Rafał Przesmycki and Dariusz Laskowski

Energies 2022, 15(2), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020651 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1950

Abstract

This work presents the investigation of graphite and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) reflectance as an important parameter for electronic devices’ protection. These materials should protect electronic circuits against external as well as internal reflected radiation. The investigation was focused on comparing the reflectance of both materials on the metal layers. The measurements of constant electromagnetic parameters, such as permittivity and permeability, were carried out on pure materials without any additives, such as polystyrene foam, resin, wax, etc. The measurements were implemented in a coaxial line within the microwave frequency range from 100 MHz to 10 GHz. The measurements show a high value of reflected power, over 90% for graphite while RGO reflects only 80% of incident power. In addition, due to the half-wavelength effect in reduced graphene oxide, the reflection coefficient is reduced to 70%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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31 pages, 11757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Smart Building Resource Prediction, Navigation and Management System Supported by Radio Tomography and Computational Intelligence

by Michał Styła, Przemysław Adamkiewicz, Tomasz Cieplak, Stanisław Skowron, Artur Dmowski and Józef Stokłosa

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8260; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248260 - 8 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

This article presents research results on a smart building prediction, navigation and asset management system. The main goal of this work was to combine all comfort subsystems, such as lighting, heating or air conditioning control, into one coherent management system supported by navigation using radio tomographic imaging techniques and computational intelligence in order to improve the building’s ability to track users and then maximize the energy efficiency of the building by analyzing their behavior. In addition, the data obtained in this way were used to increase the quality of navigation services, improve the safety and ergonomics of using the room access control system and create a centralized control panel enriched with records of the working time of individual people. The quality of the building’s user habit learning is ensured by a network of sensors collecting environmental data and thus the setting values of the comfort modules. The advantage of such a complex solution is an increase in the accuracy of navigation services provided, an improvement in the energy balance, an improvement in the level of safety and faster facility diagnostics. The solution uses proprietary small device assemblies with implementation of popular wireless transmission standards such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Z-Wave. These PANs (personal area networks) are used to update and transmit environmental and navigation data (Bluetooth), to maintain the connection of other PANs to the master server (Wi-Fi) and to communicate with specific end devices (ZigBee and Z-Wave). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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21 pages, 16816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Logistic Regression with Wave Preprocessing to Solve Inverse Problem in Industrial Tomography for Technological Process Control

by Tomasz Rymarczyk, Konrad Niderla, Edward Kozłowski, Krzysztof Król, Joanna Maria Wyrwisz, Sylwia Skrzypek-Ahmed and Piotr Gołąbek

Energies 2021, 14(23), 8116; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238116 - 3 Dec 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

The research presented here concerns the analysis and selection of logistic regression with wave preprocessing to solve the inverse problem in industrial tomography. The presented application includes a specialized device for tomographic measurements and dedicated algorithms for image reconstruction. The subject of the research was a model of a tank filled with tap water and specific inclusions. The research mainly targeted the study of developing and comparing models and methods for data reconstruction and analysis. The application allows choosing the appropriate method of image reconstruction, knowing the specifics of the solution. The novelty of the presented solution is the use of original machine learning algorithms to implement electrical impedance tomography. One of the features of the presented solution was the use of many individually trained subsystems, each of which produces a unique pixel of the final image. The methods were trained on data sets generated by computer simulation and based on actual laboratory measurements. Conductivity values for individual pixels are the result of the reconstruction of vector images within the tested object. By comparing the results of image reconstruction, the most efficient methods were identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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35 pages, 18342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Electrical Tomography Imaging Using Machine Learning Methods for the Monitoring of Flood Embankments Leaks

by Tomasz Rymarczyk, Krzysztof Król, Edward Kozłowski, Tomasz Wołowiec, Marta Cholewa-Wiktor and Piotr Bednarczuk

Energies 2021, 14(23), 8081; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238081 - 2 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1884

Abstract

This paper presents an application for the monitoring of leaks in flood embankments by reconstructing images in electrical tomography using logistic regression machine learning methods with elastic net regularisation, PCA and wave preprocessing. The main advantage of this solution is to obtain a more accurate spatial conductivity distribution inside the studied object. The described method assumes a learning system consisting of multiple equations working in parallel, where each equation creates a single point in the output image. This enables the efficient reconstruction of spatial images. The research focused on preparing, developing, and comparing algorithms and models for data analysis and reconstruction using a proprietary electrical tomography solution. A reliable measurement solution with sensors and machine learning methods makes it possible to analyse damage and leaks, leading to effective information and the eventual prevention of risks. The applied methods enable the improved resolution of the reconstructed images and the possibility to obtain them in real-time, which is their distinguishing feature compared to other methods. The use of electrical tomography in combination with specific methods for image reconstruction allows for an accurate spatial assessment of leaks and damage to dikes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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18 pages, 4069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Electromechanical Systems Containing Long Elastic Couplings and Safety of Their Operation

by Andrzej Popenda, Andrzej Szafraniec and Andriy Chaban

Energies 2021, 14(23), 7882; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237882 - 24 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

The electromechanical systems under analysis include electric drives, working machines that perform specific tasks in the technological process, and working mechanisms that transmit mechanical power between the electric drive and the working machine. The vast majority of electric motors included in drive systems require rotational speed control. This task is most often performed with the use of closed-loop control structures based on speed controllers. A step or overly rapid change in the speed reference causes a temporary lock of the speed controller due to the applied limitations at its output. Particularly, unfavorable effects of such a lock can be observed in drive systems in which there is a long elastic coupling (transmission shaft) between the electric motor and the working machine. As a consequence, shaft torsion and accompanying twisting moments of considerable amplitudes appear. This article proposes an uncomplicated active torque limiter structure, which enables the uninterrupted operation of the speed controller thanks to the automatic adaptation of the rate of the speed reference change to any moment of inertia of the rotor and attached rotating masses. The results of the investigations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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20 pages, 7316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Concept of Using LSTM to Detect Moisture in Brick Walls by Means of Electrical Impedance Tomography

by Grzegorz Kłosowski, Anna Hoła, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Łukasz Skowron, Tomasz Wołowiec and Marcin Kowalski

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7617; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227617 - 15 Nov 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2160

Abstract

This paper refers to an original concept of tomographic measurement of brick wall humidity using an algorithm based on long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks. The measurement vector was treated as a data sequence with a single time step in the presented study. This approach enabled the use of an algorithm utilising a recurrent deep neural network of the LSTM type as a system for converting the measurement vector into output images. A prototype electrical impedance tomograph was used in the research. The LSTM network, which is often employed for time series classification, was used to tackle the inverse problem. The task of the LSTM network was to convert 448 voltage measurements into spatial images of a selected section of a historical building’s brick wall. The 3D tomographic image mesh consisted of 11,297 finite elements. A novelty is using the measurement vector as a single time step sequence consisting of 448 features (channels). Through the appropriate selection of network parameters and the training algorithm, it was possible to obtain an LSTM network that reconstructs images of damp brick walls with high accuracy. Additionally, the reconstruction times are very short. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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19 pages, 6368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning and Deterministic Approach to the Reflective Ultrasound Tomography

by Dariusz Majerek, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Dariusz Wójcik, Edward Kozłowski, Magda Rzemieniak, Janusz Gudowski and Konrad Gauda

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7549; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227549 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

This paper describes the method developed using the Extreme Gradient Boosting (Xgboost) algorithm that allows high-resolution imaging using the ultrasound tomography (UST) signal. More precisely, we can locate, isolate, and use the reflective peaks from the UST signal to achieve high-resolution images with low noise, which are far more useful for the location of points where the reflection occurred inside the experimental tank. Each reconstruction is divided into two parts, estimation of starting points of wave packets of raw signal (SAT—starting arrival time) and image reconstruction via XGBoost algorithm based on SAT matrix. This technology is the basis of a project to design non-invasive monitoring and diagnostics of technological processes. In this paper, we present a method of the complete solution for monitoring industrial processes. The measurements used in the study were obtained with the author’s solution of ultrasound tomography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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20 pages, 5933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Machine Learning Methods for Image Reconstruction Using the LSTM Classifier in Industrial Electrical Tomography

by Grzegorz Kłosowski, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Konrad Niderla, Magdalena Rzemieniak, Artur Dmowski and Michał Maj

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7269; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217269 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

Electrical tomography is a non-invasive method of monitoring the interior of objects, which is used in various industries. In particular, it is possible to monitor industrial processes inside reactors and tanks using tomography. Tomography enables real-time observation of crystals or gas bubbles growing in a liquid. However, obtaining high-resolution tomographic images is problematic because it involves solving the so-called ill-posed inverse problem. Noisy input data cause problems, too. Therefore, the use of appropriate hardware solutions to eliminate this phenomenon is necessary. An important cause of obtaining accurate tomographic images may also be the incorrect selection of algorithmic methods used to convert the measurements into the output images. In a dynamically changing environment of a tank reactor, selecting the optimal algorithmic method used to create a tomographic image becomes an optimization problem. This article presents the machine learning method’s original concept of intelligent selection depending on the reconstructed case. The long short-term memory network was used to classify the methods to choose one of the five homogenous methods—elastic net, linear regression with the least-squares learner, linear regression with support vector machine learner, support vector machine model, or artificial neural networks. In the presented research, tomographic images of selected measurement cases, reconstructed using five methods, were compared. Then, the selection methods’ accuracy was verified thanks to the long short-term memory network used as a classifier. The results proved that the new concept of long short-term memory classification ensures better tomographic reconstructions efficiency than imaging all measurement cases with single homogeneous methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering and Medical Aspects of the Use of Electromagnetic Field Energy 2021)

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