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Children
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Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management
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Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management

A special issue of Children (ISSN 2227-9067).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2019) | Viewed by 37663

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. P. Syamasundar Rao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UT-Houston McGovern Medical School, 6410 Fannin Street, UTPB Suite #425, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Interests: congenital heart disease; pediatric cardiology; tricuspid atresia; physiologically advantageous ventricular septal defect; interventional pediatric cardiology; neonatal cardioloy; echocardiography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are anatomic malformations of the heart or great vessels that develop during the intrauterine period; however, age at presentation of CHD may vary. The prevalence of CHD is approximately 0.8% of live births.  Approximately 50% of these children may be treated with simple medications, observation, and follow-up, without any major intervention. Nevertheless, the remaining half of the patients required surgical intervention in the past. Since the advent of percutaneous, trans-catheter techniques, half of these babies (i.e., 25% of the total) can be treated with less invasive, trans-catheter interventions. Progress in the diagnosis and management of CHD, such as early detection of newborns with serious CHD, rapid transportation of these babies to tertiary care institutions, accessibility to highly sensitive invasive and non-invasive diagnostic tools, improvements in neonatal care and anaesthesia, innovations in trans-catheter interventions, and application of complex surgical procedures to the neonates and young infants, have progressed to such a degree that the majority of CHDs may be diagnosed and “corrected”. The CHDs that are not amenable for correction are effectively palliated. Developments in medical, surgical, and trans-catheter methods began in the late 1930s and have continued to occur to the present time.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together recent advances in the diagnosis and management of congenital heart defects, presenting them to the attention of interested physicians, paediatricians, cardiologists, and surgeons.

Prof. Dr. P. Syamasundar Rao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Children is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • congenital heart disease
  • echocardiography
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • computed tomography
  • balloon valvuloplasty
  • balloon angioplasty
  • trans-catheter occlusion of heart defects
  • ventricular septal defect
  • pulmonary stenosis
  • coarctation of the aorta

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 30257 KiB  
Article
Management of Congenital Heart Disease: State of the Art; Part I—ACYANOTIC Heart Defects
by P. Syamasundar Rao
Children 2019, 6(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/children6030042 - 08 Mar 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 12941
Abstract
Since the description of surgery for patent ductus arteriosus in late 1930s, an innumerable number of advances have taken place in the management of congenital heart defects (CHDs). In this review the current status of treatment of seven of the most common acyanotic [...] Read more.
Since the description of surgery for patent ductus arteriosus in late 1930s, an innumerable number of advances have taken place in the management of congenital heart defects (CHDs). In this review the current status of treatment of seven of the most common acyanotic CHDs was reviewed. The discussion included indications for, and timing of, intervention and methods of intervention. The indications are, by and large, determined by the severity of the lesion. Pressure gradients in obstructive lesions and the magnitude of the shunt in left-to-right shunt lesions are used to assess the severity of the lesion. The timing of intervention is different for each lesion and largely dependent upon when the criteria for indications for intervention were met. Appropriate medical management is necessary in most patients. Trans-catheter methods are preferable in some defects while surgery is a better option in some other defects. The currently available medical, trans-catheter, and surgical methods to treat acyanotic CHD are feasible, safe, and effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management)
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Review

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13 pages, 406 KiB  
Review
Congenital Aortic Valve Stenosis
by Gautam K. Singh
Children 2019, 6(5), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/children6050069 - 13 May 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7578
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis in children is a congenital heart defect that causes fixed form of hemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with progressive course. Neonates and young infants who have aortic valve stenosis, usually develop congestive heart failure. Children and adolescents who [...] Read more.
Aortic valve stenosis in children is a congenital heart defect that causes fixed form of hemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with progressive course. Neonates and young infants who have aortic valve stenosis, usually develop congestive heart failure. Children and adolescents who have aortic valve stenosis, are mostly asymptomatic, although they may carry a small but significant risk of sudden death. Transcatheter or surgical intervention is indicated for symptomatic patients or those with moderate to severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Many may need reintervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management)
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7 pages, 924 KiB  
Review
Validity of Pulmonary Valve Z-Scores in Predicting Valve-Sparing Tetralogy Repairs—Systematic Review †
by Raina Sinha, Vasu Gooty, Subin Jang, Ali Dodge-Khatami and Jorge Salazar
Children 2019, 6(5), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/children6050067 - 04 May 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5582
Abstract
There is a lack of consensus regarding the preoperative pulmonary valve (PV) Z-score “cut-off” in tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) patients to attempt a successful valve sparing surgery (VSS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the available evidence regarding the [...] Read more.
There is a lack of consensus regarding the preoperative pulmonary valve (PV) Z-score “cut-off” in tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) patients to attempt a successful valve sparing surgery (VSS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the available evidence regarding the association between preoperative PV Z-score and rate of re-intervention for residual right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, i.e. successful valve sparing surgery. A systematic search of studies reporting outcomes of VSS for ToF was performed utilizing PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases. Patients with ToF variants such as pulmonary atresia, major aortopulmonary collaterals, absent pulmonary valve, associated atrioventricular septal defect, and discontinuous pulmonary arteries were excluded. Out of 712 screened publications, 15 studies met inclusion criteria. A total of 1091 patients had surgery at a median age and weight of 6.9 months and 7.2 kg, respectively. VSS was performed on the basis of intraoperative PV assessment in 14 out of 15 studies. The median preoperative PV Z-score was −1.7 (0 to −4.9) with a median re-intervention rate of 4.7% (0–36.8%) during a median follow-up of 2.83 years (1.4–15.8 years). Quantitatively, there was no correlation between decreasing preoperative PV Z-scores and increasing RVOT re-intervention rates with a correlation coefficient of −0.03 and an associated p-value of 0.91. In observational studies, VSS for ToF repair was based on intraoperative evaluation and sizing of the PV following complete relief of all levels of obstruction of the RVOT, rather than pre-operative echocardiography derived PV Z-scores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management)
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6 pages, 203 KiB  
Review
Status of Pediatric Cardiac Care in Developing Countries
by Anita Saxena
Children 2019, 6(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/children6020034 - 25 Feb 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5375
Abstract
About 1.35 million babies are born with congenital heart disease each year globally. Most of these are expected to lead normal, productive lives if they are treated in time. However, 90% of babies born with congenital heart disease live in regions where medical [...] Read more.
About 1.35 million babies are born with congenital heart disease each year globally. Most of these are expected to lead normal, productive lives if they are treated in time. However, 90% of babies born with congenital heart disease live in regions where medical care is inadequate or unavailable. The privilege of early diagnosis and timely intervention is restricted to only those born in developed countries. Added to the burden of congenital heart disease is rheumatic heart disease, which remains a global health problem in many low-income and middle-income countries. Providing optimal care for all these children is a daunting task, and requires funds and proper planning at various levels of the health care system. This article describes the burden of pediatric heart disease, including lacunae in the current state, as well as challenges and opportunities for providing optimal care to this large population of children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management)

Other

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9 pages, 1829 KiB  
Commentary
A Primer on Multimodal Imaging and Cardiology-Radiology Congenital Heart Interface
by Monesha Gupta-Malhotra, William Schaaf and Shelby Kutty
Children 2019, 6(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/children6040061 - 23 Apr 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4766
Abstract
Pediatric cardiology imaging laboratories in the present day have several modalities for imaging of congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease. These modalities include echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac computed tomography and nuclear imaging. The utility and limitations of multimodal imaging is described herein [...] Read more.
Pediatric cardiology imaging laboratories in the present day have several modalities for imaging of congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease. These modalities include echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac computed tomography and nuclear imaging. The utility and limitations of multimodal imaging is described herein along with a framework for establishing a cardiology-radiology interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Management)
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