Journal Description
ChemEngineering
ChemEngineering
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of chemical engineering, published bimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Chemical) / CiteScore - Q2 (General Engineering )
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 29.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 7.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.8 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Photocatalysis as an Alternative for the Remediation of Wastewater: A Scientometric Review
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050095 - 13 Sep 2024
Abstract
►
Show Figures
The objective of this study is to map, describe, and identify “water treatment using catalysts and/or nanomaterials” and their derivable aspects. A comprehensive search was conducted in academic databases such as WoS and Scopus, following the PRISMA methodology, to identify relevant studies published
[...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to map, describe, and identify “water treatment using catalysts and/or nanomaterials” and their derivable aspects. A comprehensive search was conducted in academic databases such as WoS and Scopus, following the PRISMA methodology, to identify relevant studies published between 2010 and 2024. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select articles that address both experimental and theoretical aspects of photocatalysis in wastewater treatment. The methodology is developed through exploratory data analysis and the use of the Tree of Science algorithm. The first results indicate the roots, in which it is possible to gain knowledge of the environment for the implementation of a photoreactor it uses as a photocatalyst agent. A total of 94 relevant articles were identified. The results show that most studies focus on the degradation of organic pollutants using TiO2 as a photocatalyst. Additionally, there has been a significant increase in the number of publications and citations in recent years, indicating growing interest in this field. Then, in the trunk, some more solid ideas in terms of basic concepts, techniques and possible variations for the application of knowledge and development of future research related to the initial topic are indicated. Finally, through the leaves, new modifications and combinations of the photocatalytic materials are obtained, in search of improving their performance in terms of reduction in water contaminants. From the above, centrality in photocatalysis is identified as an alternative for water remediation using different photocatalysts. It is concluded that the total citation network contains, within the most important nodes, articles of high interest in the community, such as those authored by Zhang, Xiaofei; Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh, Alireza; or Li, Jingyi, from countries in the Middle East and the Asian continent, justified not only by the research capabilities of these countries, but also by the needs and problems that these regions face in terms of water scarcity. Future work indicates the need for and interest in improving various characteristics such as photocatalytic performance, the number of cycles that the material supports, and its reduction capacity in the presence of high concentrations of contaminants, with the intention of maximizing the benefits of its applicability in water treatment.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Building a Code-Based Model to Describe Syngas Production from Biomass
by
Simon Brinkmann and Bernhard C. Seyfang
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050094 - 12 Sep 2024
Abstract
Due to growing interest in providing and storing sufficient renewable energies, energy generation from biomass is becoming increasingly important. Biomass gasification represents the process of converting biomass into hydrogen-rich syngas. A one-dimensional kinetic reactor model was developed to simulate biomass gasification processes as
[...] Read more.
Due to growing interest in providing and storing sufficient renewable energies, energy generation from biomass is becoming increasingly important. Biomass gasification represents the process of converting biomass into hydrogen-rich syngas. A one-dimensional kinetic reactor model was developed to simulate biomass gasification processes as an alternative to cost-intensive experiments. The presented model stands out as it contains the additional value of universal use with different biomass types and a more comprehensive application due to its integration into the DWSIM process simulator. The model consists of mass and energy balances based on the kinetics of selected reactions. Two different reactor schemes are simulated: (1) a fixed bed reactor and (2) a fluidized bed reactor. The operating mode can be set as isothermal or non-isothermal. The model was programmed using Python and integrated into DWSIM. Depending on incoming mass flows (biomass, oxygen, steam), biomass type, reactor type, reactor dimensions, temperature, and pressure, the model predicts the mass flows of char, tar, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and water. Comparison with experimental data from the literature validates the results gained from our model.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Process Intensification for Chemical Engineering and Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Glass Wool Recycling by Water-Based Solvolysis
by
Petra Kántor, János Béri, Bence Képes and Edit Székely
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050093 - 11 Sep 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Glass wool is an insulation material used in large quantities; despite its popularity, it is still surprising that around 2.5 million tons of mineral wool waste is generated every year in Europe. Waste management faces numerous challenges because, with current technologies, waste cannot
[...] Read more.
Glass wool is an insulation material used in large quantities; despite its popularity, it is still surprising that around 2.5 million tons of mineral wool waste is generated every year in Europe. Waste management faces numerous challenges because, with current technologies, waste cannot be cleaned and melted again for repurposing, so even the recollected glass wool ends up in landfill. Herein, we present a hydrolysis technology that decomposes the binder applied to glass fibers using exclusively water. We succeeded in decomposing the resin from the surfaces of the end-of-life fibers, originating from different sources like industrial furnace insulation and two demolition-sourced building insulation wastes. The effects of temperature, pressure, the mass flow of the water, and the applied fluid ratio were investigated. The most important parameters are the temperature and the time for the decomposition, but to minimize glass loss through the solubility of glass, the fluid ratio plays an important role as well. The fibers were efficiently cleaned after only 20 min at 300 °C by the optimized parameters, with a mass recovery of 70 wt.%.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Oily Wastewater Treatment by Using Fe3O4/Bentonite in Fixed-Bed Adsorption Column
by
Mohammed A. Sarran, Adnan A. AbdulRazak, Mohammed F. Abid, Alaa Dhari Jawad Al-Bayati, Khalid T. Rashid, Mohammed Ahmed Shehab, Haidar Hasan Mohammed, Saad Alsarayefi, Mahmood Alhafadhi and Mohammed Alktranee
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050092 - 10 Sep 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Oily wastewater is a major environmental issue resulting from different industrial and manufacturing activities. Contaminated water with oil represents a significant environmental hazard that can harm numerous life forms. Several methodologies have been tested for the removal of oily wastewater from aqueous solutions,
[...] Read more.
Oily wastewater is a major environmental issue resulting from different industrial and manufacturing activities. Contaminated water with oil represents a significant environmental hazard that can harm numerous life forms. Several methodologies have been tested for the removal of oily wastewater from aqueous solutions, and adsorption in a flow-through reactor is an effective mechanism to reduce these effluents. This study focuses on evaluating the ability of Fe3O4/Bent material to adsorb gasoline emulsion from a solution using a fixed-bed column, and it involves analyzing the resulting breakthrough curves. The FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and XRD techniques were used to characterize Fe3O4/Bent. Various ranges of variables were examined, including bed height (2–4 cm), flow rate (3–3.8 mL/min), and initial concentration (200–1000 mg/L), to determine their impacts on the mass transfer zone (MTZ) length and the adsorption capacity (qe). It was shown that a higher bed height and a lower flow rate contributed to a longer time of breakthrough and exhaustion. At the same time, it was noted that under high initial gasoline concentrations, the fixed-bed system rapidly reached breakthrough and exhaustion. Models like the Yoon–Nelson and Thomas kinetic column models were employed to predict the breakthrough curves. Thomas and Yoon–Nelson’s breakthrough models provided a good fit for the breakthrough curves with a correlation coefficient of R2 > 0.95. Furthermore, with a fixed-bed system, the Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models best describe the breakthrough curves for gasoline removal.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
How Economic Theories Shape Chemical Technology Profile
by
Despina A. Gkika, Athanasios C. Mitropoulos and George Z. Kyzas
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050091 - 9 Sep 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The chemical industry, a cornerstone of the global economy essential for modern life, has raised significant concerns due to its unique nature. Chemical technologies often require high energy inputs, involving ecotoxic reagents thus assessing risks from an economic standpoint becomes complex. While the
[...] Read more.
The chemical industry, a cornerstone of the global economy essential for modern life, has raised significant concerns due to its unique nature. Chemical technologies often require high energy inputs, involving ecotoxic reagents thus assessing risks from an economic standpoint becomes complex. While the economic aspects of chemical technologies have been discussed and economic tools have been used to inform investment decisions in this field, many fundamental issues remain unexplored, such as the clear definition of chemical technology economics and the reasons for its importance. The primary contribution of this article is to synthesize insights into these fundamental issues and propose pathways for future research in chemical technology economics. This review is divided into two sections: the first provides an overview of the significance of economic factors in chemical technologies, and the second explores the fundamentals of economics and their application to chemical technology considerations. Our research underscores that economic theories significantly influence the profile of chemical technologies, viewing the chemical sector as a dual asset. First, the sector has a unique opportunity to lead the way in promoting sustainable economic development, and second, it can adopt economic behaviors that align with environmental and societal needs.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Ketoprofen Photodegradation Kinetics Promoted by TiO2
by
Rosanna Paparo, Alessia Viscovo, Marco Trifuoggi, Martino Di Serio and Vincenzo Russo
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050090 - 5 Sep 2024
Abstract
Ketoprofen is a non-biodegradable drug and is not removed by conventional treatments. The need to remove pharmaceutical compounds from water and wastewater has aroused considerable interest in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), whose effectiveness depends on the generation of reactive free radicals capable of
[...] Read more.
Ketoprofen is a non-biodegradable drug and is not removed by conventional treatments. The need to remove pharmaceutical compounds from water and wastewater has aroused considerable interest in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), whose effectiveness depends on the generation of reactive free radicals capable of oxidizing and decomposing numerous compounds. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an efficient method if an active semiconductor is used. In this work, the photodegradation reaction of ketoprofen promoted by TiO2 was studied, analyzing the kinetics obtained by changing variables such as temperature, initial concentration, and quantity of photocatalyst. It was determined that the mechanism is of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood type and that the system is operating in the kinetic regime, while tests at different temperatures have shown that the adsorption of ketoprofen and byproducts are both exothermic. Experimental data were interpreted with reliable models that allow to retrieve quantitatively the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Collection: Papers from the Editorial Board Members (EBMs) of ChemEngineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Application of Stabilizing Agents for Solidification of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil under Low-Temperature Conditions
by
Yuntao Chen, Jiannan Wang, Zhongshuai Gao, Mei Cui and Renliang Huang
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050089 - 5 Sep 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is an effective method used to reduce the leaching of heavy metals from soils, which is a serious environmental problem when soil is contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, a new stabilizing agent consisting of acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion (VAE)-hydrated calcium
[...] Read more.
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is an effective method used to reduce the leaching of heavy metals from soils, which is a serious environmental problem when soil is contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, a new stabilizing agent consisting of acetate-ethylene copolymer emulsion (VAE)-hydrated calcium silicate-polycarboxylate (V-CSH-PCE), water-soluble thiourea-formaldehyde (WTF) resins, cement, and fly ash was prepared for the solidification of heavy metal-contaminated soil under low-temperature conditions. The results showed that the agents significantly enhanced the compressive properties of the soil. When 10% cement, 8% fly ash, 1.5% V-CSH-PCE, and 0.5% WTF were added, the compressive strength of the subsoil after 1 day of curing was 0.3755 MPa, which was nearly 12 times higher compared with a blank sample. Meanwhile, the leaching concentrations of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Cr3+ in the substrate were 2.52, 1.12, 1.32, and 0.51 mg/L, respectively, which were lower than the leaching standard of “Hazardous Waste Identification Standard Leaching Toxicity Identification (GB 5085.3-2007)”. In addition, the compressive strength of the soil after 1 day of curing at a low temperature (4 °C) was 0.2915 MPa, which was 30.9% higher compared with the soil without the V-CSH-PCE. The results showed that the cement-fly ash-(V-CSH-PCE)-WTF mixture has good application prospects in improving the compressive strength of soil and stabilizing heavy metal ions.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Innovative Technology of Continuous-Steam Distillation with Packed Column to Obtain Essential Oil-Differentiated Fractions from Mexican Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)
by
Tania Pahua-Angel, Mirna Estarrón-Espinosa, Eduardo Castaño-Tostado, Edmundo Mateo Mercado-Silva, Silvia Lorena Amaya-Llano and José Daniel Padilla-de la Rosa
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050088 - 2 Sep 2024
Abstract
Continuous distillation (CD) by steam is a patented emerging technology that allows us to obtain essential-oil fractions from citrus juices. It presents benefits such as reducing steam consumption by 50%, lowering environmental impact, and, by its design, obtaining fractions enriched in terpenic and
[...] Read more.
Continuous distillation (CD) by steam is a patented emerging technology that allows us to obtain essential-oil fractions from citrus juices. It presents benefits such as reducing steam consumption by 50%, lowering environmental impact, and, by its design, obtaining fractions enriched in terpenic and oxygenated compounds that can be further processed. The CD of essential oils from Mexican lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) was studied and the results were compared with conventional steam distillation (batch) in terms of steam consumption, extraction yield, chemical composition, and quality of the essential oils. Different steam flows were used: distillation without a packed column (sc); with packed column (cc); and steam flows of 10, 15, and 20 mL/min with a reflux ratio of 0.5, 1, and 2, respectively. CD was superior in terms of composition, extraction energy savings (0.63 kg steam/kg juice with 1.39 kg steam/kg juice in the conventional), and the extraction yield recovery efficiency was >90%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the extracted essential oils indicated that the use of CD with a column increases the fractionation of volatile compounds. The result of this study demonstrates that CD can be used as an alternative method to extract the essential oil from lime or any citrus fruit, obtaining differentiated fractions in aroma and composition.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Sustainable Separation and Purification Technologies)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Electrical Conductivity of a Bacterial Cellulose and Polyaniline Composite Significantly Improved by Activated Carbon: A Nano-Based Platform for Electrodes
by
Thanakrit Sirichaibhinyo, Preeyanuch Supchocksoonthorn, Peerasak Paoprasert and Sarute Ummartyotin
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050087 - 30 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In this study, we successfully fabricated a composite sheet comprising bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyaniline (PAN), integrated with activated carbon (AC), to produce electrodes in a supercapacitor. The electrical conductivity level can be adjusted by adding AC into the composite. FTIR revealed hydrogen
[...] Read more.
In this study, we successfully fabricated a composite sheet comprising bacterial cellulose (BC) and polyaniline (PAN), integrated with activated carbon (AC), to produce electrodes in a supercapacitor. The electrical conductivity level can be adjusted by adding AC into the composite. FTIR revealed hydrogen bonding interactions between the -OH groups of the bacterial cellulose and the -NH groups of the polyaniline. The XRD pattern showed the characteristic peak of activated carbon. The SEM showed that PAN was filled into the porous network of the bacterial cellulose. The AC was randomly distributed onto the composite’s surface. The composite was thermally stable up to 200 °C. The electrical conductivity was reported to be 1.5–3.5 S/m when AC was added from 0.2 to 1 wt%. Furthermore, the specific capacitances (Cs), energy densities (Es), and power density (P) were typically reported to be 30–70 F/g, 4–11 Wh/kg, and 400–700 W/kg, respectively. Moreover, the optimization of the activated carbon ratio led to a reduction in the charge transfer resistance (Rct), as demonstrated by a Nyquist plot analysis, thereby enhancing electrical conductivity. Overall, the bacterial cellulose and polyaniline composite sheet, incorporating activated carbon, exhibited excellent properties, making it a promising candidate for bioelectrode supercapacitor applications in the near future.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Microplastics in Sludges and Soils: A Comprehensive Review on Distribution, Characteristics, and Effects
by
Maliheh Arab, Jimmy Yu and Behnam Nayebi
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050086 - 30 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Microplastic contamination in terrestrial environments has risen significantly, far exceeding levels in marine environments. This shift underscores the concerning prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in sewage sludge and soil, raising environmental apprehensions. Microplastics from various sources accumulate in sewage systems, consequently, sewage sludge and
[...] Read more.
Microplastic contamination in terrestrial environments has risen significantly, far exceeding levels in marine environments. This shift underscores the concerning prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in sewage sludge and soil, raising environmental apprehensions. Microplastics from various sources accumulate in sewage systems, consequently, sewage sludge and soil have transformed into primary reservoirs of microplastic pollutants, capable of infiltrating aquatic ecosystems. While using sludge to enrich soil provides nutrients, it simultaneously introduces substantial microplastic content, posing environmental hazards. These microplastics can accumulate in the soil, altering its properties and potentially polluting deeper soil layers and groundwater, compounding environmental risks. This review scrutinizes the abundance, types, and shapes of microplastics in sewage sludge and soil, evaluating their impacts and suggesting future research directions. Statistical analysis reveals higher microplastic concentrations in sludge (271 Particles/kg dry weight) than in soil (34.6 Particles/kg). Strong correlations between microplastic concentrations in soil and sludge (R2 = 0.95) underscore the significant influence of sludge application on soil ecosystems. The p-value of 0.0001 indicates a significant correlation between MP amounts in soil and sludge, while the p-value of 0.47 suggests no significant association between MP concentrations in wastewater and sludge. Research confirms that microplastics influence sludge properties, microbial communities, and soil characteristics, contingent on microplastic attributes and soil conditions. Predominantly, microplastic shapes found in sludge and soil are fibers and fragments, often linked to agricultural fertilizer use. Microplastics detrimentally affect soil bulk density and aggregate stability, impairing soil structure and surface. Furthermore, their presence alters pollutant transport behavior in soil, emphasizing the imperative to investigate microplastics’ effects and transport mechanisms for mitigating environmental and health risks.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Understanding of Siloxane Surface Properties and Functional Group Effects on Water Deoxygenation
by
Fryad Mohammed Sharif, Sohail Murad and Saif Talal Manji
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050085 - 28 Aug 2024
Abstract
The deoxygenation process in water used in well injection operations is an important matter to eliminate corrosion in the petroleum industry. This study used molecular dynamics simulations to understand the behavior of siloxane surfaces by studying the surface properties with two functional groups
[...] Read more.
The deoxygenation process in water used in well injection operations is an important matter to eliminate corrosion in the petroleum industry. This study used molecular dynamics simulations to understand the behavior of siloxane surfaces by studying the surface properties with two functional groups attached to the end of siloxane and their effect on the deoxygenation process. The simulations were performed using LAMMPS to characterize surface properties. Jmol software version 14 was used to generate siloxane chains with (8, 20, and 35) repeat units. We evaluated properties such as total energy, surface tension, and viscosity. Then, we used siloxane as a membrane to compare the efficiency of deoxygenation for both types of functional groups. The results indicated that longer chain lengths increased the total energy and viscosity while decreasing surface tension. Replacing methyl groups with trifluoromethyl (CF3) groups increased all the above mentioned properties in varying proportions. Trifluoromethyl (CF3) groups showed better removal efficiency than methyl (CH3) groups but allowed more water to pass. Furthermore, the simulations were run using the class II potential developed by Sun, Rigby, and others within an explicit-atom (EA) model. This force field is universally applicable to the atomistic simulation of polymers, inorganic small molecules, and common organic molecules.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Membrane Technologies in Chemical Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Volatile Fatty Acids from Household Food Waste: Production and Kinetics
by
Rosa E. Ramos and Mª Carmen Márquez
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(5), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8050084 - 25 Aug 2024
Abstract
Household food waste (HFW), which is rich in organic matter, is a good candidate for producing added-value bio-based chemicals, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), by acidogenic fermentation processes. However, the lack of design tools, such as appropriate kinetic models, hinders the implementation
[...] Read more.
Household food waste (HFW), which is rich in organic matter, is a good candidate for producing added-value bio-based chemicals, such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), by acidogenic fermentation processes. However, the lack of design tools, such as appropriate kinetic models, hinders the implementation of this technology because the results of these processes are affected by operational factors. In this work, VFA production by the acidogenic fermentation of HFW under uncontrolled pH levels (4–5) was studied at thermophilic (55 °C) and mesophilic (35 °C) temperature conditions. Batch reactors were used to digest HFW, and VFA production and the individual acid distributions were measured at different fermentation times from 0 to 624 h. The results showed higher individual and total VFA production at 35 °C and 120 h of fermentation time as a consequence of the competition between the VFA production and decomposition reactions. Acetic and valeric acids were VFAs mainly produced as a result of a high content of proteins in the initial substrate, and a small amount of propionic and butyric acids were present. A simplified kinetic model was successfully developed to represent the complex process of VFA formation from the acidogenic fermentation of HFW. A simple mechanism for the production–decomposition of VFAs, corresponding to a zero-order reaction for the first 48 h and a single consecutive reaction from that time on, was proposed. For both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, the suggested kinetic model was able to predict the individual and total concentrations of VFAs along the fermentation time.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches for the Environmental Chemical Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Parametric Optimization of Multi-Stage Flashing Desalination System Using Genetic Algorithm for Efficient Energy Utilization
by
Khalideh Al bkoor Alrawashdeh, La’aly Al-Samrraie, Abeer Al Bsoul, Ayat Khasawneh, Bashaar Ammary and Eid Gul
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040083 - 19 Aug 2024
Abstract
The technique of multi-stage desalination with brine recirculation (MSF-BR) is characterized by its high energy demand, necessitating the exploration of efficient operational methods to minimize energy consumption and enhance plant performance. In this research study, Matlab R2021a software was used to apply a
[...] Read more.
The technique of multi-stage desalination with brine recirculation (MSF-BR) is characterized by its high energy demand, necessitating the exploration of efficient operational methods to minimize energy consumption and enhance plant performance. In this research study, Matlab R2021a software was used to apply a genetic algorithm with the aim of determining the optimal values of the operating variables of the MSF-BR system within certain limits, considering energy consumption and feed seawater temperature variation. The study included improving several operational factors, including top brine temperature, steam temperature, feed seawater temperature, cooling water flow rate and make up flow rate, number of station stages, and the stages of the heat rejection section. The optimal maintenance period during the operational year was also determined. The results of the analysis were based on data from the Al-Khafji desalination plant, which consists of 16 stages and has a production capacity of 7,053,393.8 gallons/day. The study aimed to achieve two main objectives: increasing the gain output ratio (GOR) and reducing the proportion of the recovery ratio. The results showed that the optimal period for maintenance is January, where the performance ratio ranges between 0.987 and 9.38, compared to the currently used month of December, where the performance ratio ranges between 1.096 and 9.56. Optimal target values were set at the following operating parameters: 33.3 °C for feed seawater temperature, 98.67 °C for steam temperature, 95.62 °C for brine temperature, 1571.18 kg/s for cooling water flow rate, 1624.24 kg/s for feed water flow rate, 21 stages for the station, and two stages for the heat rejection section. To achieve the highest GOR, the number of stages and heat rejection section should be more than 19 and 2, respectively. In general, to achieve improvements in GOR and reduce energy consumption, it is recommended to maintain Tf in the range of 33–34 °C and set Mcw between 1050 and 1800 kg/s.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Renewable Energy Derivatives)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Reverse Polarity-Based Soil Electrokinetic Remediation: A Comprehensive Review of the Published Data during the Past 31 Years (1993–2023)
by
Ahmed Abou-Shady and Heba El-Araby
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040082 - 15 Aug 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Soil restoration by exploiting the principles and basics of electrokinetic (EK) has been extended to involve several categories, such as electrokinetic remediation in soil (SEKR), soil consolidation, the prevention of soil pollution, reclaiming salt-affected soil, the dewatering/dryness of wet soils, water reuse, seed
[...] Read more.
Soil restoration by exploiting the principles and basics of electrokinetic (EK) has been extended to involve several categories, such as electrokinetic remediation in soil (SEKR), soil consolidation, the prevention of soil pollution, reclaiming salt-affected soil, the dewatering/dryness of wet soils, water reuse, seed germination, sedimentation, etc. As an extension of our recently published review articles on the soil electrokinetic (SEK) process intensification/optimization, the present review illustrates the effect of a reverse-polarity mode (RPM) on the efficiency of the SEK. Based on several searches of six database search engines, we did not find any relevant reviews focused on SEK improvements using the RPM. The influences of the RPM are described by various features, including (a) pollutant removal (organic, inorganic, and mixed pollutants) and (b) integration with other processes (phyto/bioremediation and Fenton oxidation), geosynthetics (consolidation, stabilization, and sedimentation), SEK operation conditions, and soil properties. Most of the RPM studies have focused on the remediation of organic pollutants. Several benefits can be gained from applying the RPM, such as (a) controlling the soil’s temperature, pH, and moisture values at desirable levels, (b) reducing a large number of chemical additives, (c) high remediation efficiency, (d) maintaining the indigenous fungal community’s appropriate diversity and abundance, (e) a stable and higher electric current, (f) enhancing microbial growth, etc. However, the hindrances to applying the RPM are (a) reducing the electroosmosis flow, (b) relatively high energy consumption, (c) reducing the diversity of soil microbes with a prolonged experiment period, (d) providing oxygen for a microbial community that may not be desirable for anaerobic bacteria, etc. Finally, the RPM is considered an important process for improving the performance of the SEK, according to experimental endeavors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Chemical Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Microstructure and First Hydrogenation Properties of Individual Phases in TiFe + 12 wt.% ZrV2 Alloy
by
Daniela Bellon Monsalve, Elena Ulate-Kolitsky, Jorge M. Cubero-Sesin, Alejandro-David Martínez-Amariz and Jacques Huot
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040081 - 12 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study investigates the microstructure and first hydrogenation properties of Fe52Ti40Zr3V5 and Fe37Ti44Zr9V10 alloys, which are individual phases present in the as-cast TiFe + 12 wt.% ZrV2 alloy
[...] Read more.
This study investigates the microstructure and first hydrogenation properties of Fe52Ti40Zr3V5 and Fe37Ti44Zr9V10 alloys, which are individual phases present in the as-cast TiFe + 12 wt.% ZrV2 alloy (parent alloy). The parent alloy exhibited fast first hydrogenation kinetics due to the interplay of these two phases. Our objective is to study the hydrogen storage behavior of these individual phases. The samples were synthesized by arc melting and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that when these alloys are melted separately, they do not exhibit the same phase composition as in the parent alloy, indicating a metastable state under our synthesis conditions, which significantly impacts their hydrogen storage behavior. Hydrogenation capacity was measured using a homemade Sieverts apparatus. Both alloys demonstrated excellent first hydrogenation kinetics, with an absorption capacity of 0.9 wt.% for the Fe52Ti40Zr3V5 alloy and 2.3 wt.% for Fe37Ti44Zr9V10 alloy. Our key finding is that the final crystal structure of multi-element alloys is highly dependent on the synthesis method.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis Method Comparison of N-Doped Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage
by
Roberts Palmbahs, Peteris Lesnicenoks, Ainars Knoks, Virginija Vitola and Janis Kleperis
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040080 - 5 Aug 2024
Abstract
This study investigates nitrogen-doped carbon synthesis and electrochemical properties as electrode material for energy storage devices, an additional focus of the work is on the electrochemical exfoliation synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon using various precursors and doping methods. The physical properties of the synthesized
[...] Read more.
This study investigates nitrogen-doped carbon synthesis and electrochemical properties as electrode material for energy storage devices, an additional focus of the work is on the electrochemical exfoliation synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon using various precursors and doping methods. The physical properties of the synthesized sample are characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the N-doped carbons are studied using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling. Finally, the work explores the potential application of the N-doped carbons as electrode material for energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors. The results show that N-doped carbons exhibit electrochemical performance superior to that of graphene oxide, with higher electrical capacitance. The results demonstrate the potential of N-doped carbons as high-performance electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications. This paper aims to explain the advantages of N-doping in carbon materials more precisely in graphene and the use of these materials in creating electrodes for application in supercapacitors and batteries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering of Carbon-Based Nano/Micromaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Oxygen Vacancy Formation in CeO2-Based Materials and the Water–Gas Shift Performance
by
Sangaroon Kaewtong, Thanathon Sesuk and Pannipa Tepamatr
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040079 - 2 Aug 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The role of dopants (Sm, Tb and Pr) on the water–gas shift performance of CeO2-based materials was studied. Modification of CeO2 with Sm significantly improved the water–gas shift performance. The catalytic activities of doped CeO2 were increased when compared
[...] Read more.
The role of dopants (Sm, Tb and Pr) on the water–gas shift performance of CeO2-based materials was studied. Modification of CeO2 with Sm significantly improved the water–gas shift performance. The catalytic activities of doped CeO2 were increased when compared with the catalytic activities of pure ceria (65% conversion at 600 °C for Ce5%SmO and 50% conversion at 600 °C for CeO2). The key factors driving the water–gas shift performance were reduction behavior and oxygen vacancy concentration. In the redox mechanism of the WGS reaction, CeO2 plays a crucial role in transferring oxygen to CO through changes in the oxidation state. Therefore, Sm is effective in catalyzing the water–gas shift activity because the addition of Sm into CeO2 decreases the surface reduction temperature and alters the oxygen transportation ability through the redox mechanism. XRD results suggested that Mn+ (M = Sm, Tb and Pr) incorporate into ceria lattice to form a solid solution resulting in unit cell enlargement. The defect structure inside the CeO2 lattice generates a strain on the oxide lattice and facilitates the generation of oxygen vacancies. XANES analysis revealed that Sm reduced CeO2 easily by transporting its electron into the d-orbitals of Ce, thus giving rise to more Ce3+ at the CeO2 surface. The presence of Ce3+ is a result of oxygen vacancy. Therefore, the high content of Ce3+ provides more oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancy formation results in easy oxygen exchange. Thus, reactive oxygen species can be generated and easily reduced by CO reactant, which enhances the WGS activity.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Arsenic in Water: Understanding the Chemistry, Health Implications, Quantification and Removal Strategies
by
Muhammad Murtaza Chaudhary, Saqib Hussain, Chenyu Du, Barbara R. Conway and Muhammad Usman Ghori
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040078 - 1 Aug 2024
Abstract
Arsenic, the 20th most common element in Earth’s crust and historically regarded as the King of Poisons, occurs naturally in two oxidation states, Arsenate (V) and Arsenite (III), and is prevalent worldwide through natural and anthropogenic means. The cations of the metalloid exhibit
[...] Read more.
Arsenic, the 20th most common element in Earth’s crust and historically regarded as the King of Poisons, occurs naturally in two oxidation states, Arsenate (V) and Arsenite (III), and is prevalent worldwide through natural and anthropogenic means. The cations of the metalloid exhibit unique chemical behaviour in water and are found to be components of approximately 245 natural minerals, making its occurrence in drinking water a compelling challenge, especially in groundwater. This comprehensive review collates information regarding the prevalence of arsenic contamination in water worldwide and its impact on human health, its chemical behaviour, methods for detection and quantification, and treatment strategies. A comprehensive search was conducted, and the selection of eligible studies was carried out using the PRISMA (the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. Essential characteristics of eligible research studies were extracted based on geographical areas, origins, concentration levels and the magnitude of populations vulnerable to arsenic contamination in groundwater sources. Arsenic contamination of water affects over 100 countries including Canada, the United States, Pakistan, China, India, Brazil and Bangladesh, where hydrogeological conditions favour prevalence and groundwater is the primary water source for food preparation, irrigation of food crops and drinking water. This leads to human exposure through absorption, ingestion and inhalation, causing numerous health disorders affecting nearly all systems within the human body, with acute and chronic toxicity including cancers. The presence of arsenic in water poses a considerable challenge to humanity, prompting scientists to devise diverse mitigation approaches categorized as (a) oxidation processes, (b) precipitation methods, (c) membrane technologies, (d) adsorption and ion exchange methods, and (e) social interventions. This comprehensive review is expected to be a valuable source for professionals in the water industry, public management, and policymaking, aiding their ongoing and future research and development efforts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Chemical Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Preparation and Characterization of Supramolecular Bonding Polymers Based on a Pullulan Substrate Grafted with Acrylic Acid/Acrylamide by Microwave Irradiation
by
Salam Abdulla Dhahir, Auda Jabbar Braihi and Salih Abbas Habeeb
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040077 - 29 Jul 2024
Abstract
A microwave technique was used to prepare a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) by grafting two hydrophilic monomers onto a polysaccharide substrate. The monomers used were acrylic acid (AA) or acrylamide (AM) and were grafted onto a pullulan (PUL) substrate to form PUL-g-AA (SAP1
[...] Read more.
A microwave technique was used to prepare a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) by grafting two hydrophilic monomers onto a polysaccharide substrate. The monomers used were acrylic acid (AA) or acrylamide (AM) and were grafted onto a pullulan (PUL) substrate to form PUL-g-AA (SAP1) and PUL-g-AM (SAP2), respectively. The monomers (AM/AA) were grafted together onto a PUL substrate to form PUL-g-(AM/AA) (SAP3). Grafting parameters such as grafting efficiency with the percentage, the conversion of monomer into polymer, gel content, water retention, water adsorption capacity, and swelling kinetics were determined. Additionally, the effect of environmental pH (2, 4, 7, 9, and 12) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) surfactant was evaluated, where 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mM of SDBS was added to form SAP4 to SAP8. The FTIR results show that AM was grafted onto PUL through an aliphatic C-N bond, while AA grafting occurred through a single C-C bond. The grafting efficiency with AM was higher than with AA, as well as showing a superior gel content. Water absorbance capacity and water retention increased with the grafting of AA and AM together for SAP3. The highest absorbent capacity, water retention, gel content, and grafting parameters values were obtained with a 3 mM SDBS content and a pH of 7. The swelling kinetics showed that the increases in the theoretical and experimental swelling equilibriums were 72% and 82%, respectively, for SAP6 compared to the values of these parameters for SAP3. The water absorption capacity of the hydrogel increases upon increasing the pH to 7 and then gradually decreases. XRD demonstrated the improved crystallinity and crystalline size of the hydrogel after grafting polymerization of AM/AA onto PUL, in addition to enhanced thermal stability. On the contrary, FE-SEM demonstrated that SDBS improves the porosity and pore size of the hydrogel surface with SAP6.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Synthesis in Chemical Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Integration of Ion Exchange—AOP—Biological System for the Treatment of Real Textile Wastewater
by
Camila Giraldo-Loaiza, Aura M. Salazar-Loaiza, María A. Sandoval-Barrera, Iván F. Macías-Quiroga, Diana M. Ocampo-Serna and Nancy R. Sanabria-González
ChemEngineering 2024, 8(4), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040076 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Real textile wastewater (RTWW) poses significant environmental challenges. RTWW typically contains high levels of organic compounds, such as dyes, as well as inorganic substances like salts. These contaminants can harm aquatic life when released into water bodies without appropriate treatment. RTWW was subjected
[...] Read more.
Real textile wastewater (RTWW) poses significant environmental challenges. RTWW typically contains high levels of organic compounds, such as dyes, as well as inorganic substances like salts. These contaminants can harm aquatic life when released into water bodies without appropriate treatment. RTWW was subjected to a series of sequential treatments: exchange resins for removing ions, advanced oxidation with bicarbonate-activated peroxide to degrade organic matter, and a biological treatment based on the Zahn–Wellens test to remove remaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) The advanced oxidation process based on the activation of H2O2 with NaHCO3 (catalyzed with cobalt impregnated on a pillared clay, Co/Al–PILC)) was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). After the process integration, reductions in ion concentrations, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon content (TOC) were achieved. Reduced hardness (99.94%) and ions (SO42− and acid black 194 dye of 99.88 and 99.46%, respectively), COD (96.64%), and TOC (96.89%), guaranteeing complete treatment of RTWW, were achieved. Additionally, the biodegradability index of RTWW increased from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.90 ± 0.01, and phytotoxicity was reduced, going from a phytotoxic that inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds to a phytostimulant after biological treatment with activated sludge.
Full article
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- ChemEngineering Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Topical Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
AppliedChem, ChemEngineering, Energies, Membranes, Processes, Recycling, Separations, Water
Capacitive Deionization Technology for Water Treatment
Topic Editors: Shenxu Bao, Xin ZhangDeadline: 30 September 2024
Topic in
ChemEngineering, Compounds, Materials, Metals, Alloys, Mining
Recent Advances in Metallurgical Extractive Processes, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Norman Toro, Edelmira Gálvez, Ricardo JeldresDeadline: 25 January 2025
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Processes, Sustainability, ChemEngineering, Chemistry
Chemical and Biochemical Processes for Energy Sources, 2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Venko N. Beschkov, Konstantin PetrovDeadline: 30 September 2025
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
ChemEngineering
The Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Novel Photocatalytic Materials
Guest Editors: Chrysoula Athanasekou, Nikolaos MoustakasDeadline: 25 September 2024
Special Issue in
ChemEngineering
State-of-the-Art Membrane Technologies in Chemical Engineering
Guest Editors: Fausto Gallucci, Rouzbeh RamezaniDeadline: 20 October 2024
Special Issue in
ChemEngineering
The Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Transport Phenomena
Guest Editors: Yucheng Fu, Dewei WangDeadline: 20 October 2024
Special Issue in
ChemEngineering
Advances in Catalytic Kinetics
Guest Editors: Dmitry Murzin, Philippe HeynderickxDeadline: 20 October 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
ChemEngineering
Green and Environmentally Sustainable Chemical Processes
Collection Editors: Roberto Rosa, Anna Ferrari, Consuelo Mugoni, Grazia Maria Cappucci