ChemEngineering

This study presents a first-principles dynamic model for the electrochemical production of lithium hydroxide (LiOH) in a bench-scale cation exchange membrane (CEM) cell. Its distinguishing feature is a single, dynamically coupled description of the whole cell, in which the lumped Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) dynamics of the anodic and cathodic chambers are coupled to a spatially resolved Nernst–Planck (PDE) model of membrane ion transport. The model resolves the transient induction period of ion crossover and captures the association kinetics of Li+ and OH-, cathodic water reduction, and the back-migration and neutralization of OH- at the anode, with the local electric field represented by a non-linear potential gradient. Solved by the Method of Lines and reduced through symbolic treatment of the Robin boundary conditions to a consistent ODE system, it yields a numerically robust framework for this stiff, strongly coupled problem. Two process-level results emerge: the membrane strongly attenuates cross-chamber disturbances, largely decoupling the anode and cathode, and it reaches a quasi-steady state far faster than the bulk chambers—a separation of time scales expected to widen at larger volume-to-surface-area ratios. These insights inform scale-up strategies and multiscale control architectures for the cell. Full article

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of digested dairy manure produces hydrochar and a nitrogen-rich post-liquid. This study evaluated a submerged tubular expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) gas-permeable membrane (GPM) system for ammonia recovery from post-HTC liquid derived from digested dairy manure, focusing on the effects of feed temperature, acid circulation rate, and feed volume-to-membrane surface area ratio (FV/MS). Compared with filtered digested manure, the post-HTC liquid had a similar total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) concentration (1151 vs. 1164 mg N L⁻¹) but a slightly higher pH (8.38 vs. 7.94), which favored ammonia transfer. Increasing feed temperature from 20 to 60 °C raised 24 h TAN recovery from 63.5% to 99.6% and average TAN transfer flux from 11.1 to 17.7 g m⁻² d⁻¹, although it also increased water vapor crossover and diluted the acid trapping solution. Increasing acid circulation from 10 to 30 mL min⁻¹ improved 48 h TAN recovery from 85.2% to 94.0%, while a further increase to 50 mL min⁻¹ produced only a small additional gain. In contrast, elevating FV/MS from 0.015 to 0.045 m³ m⁻² reduced 48 h TAN recovery from 94.0% to 59.6% while increasing average TAN transfer flux from 8.2 to 16.2 g m⁻² d⁻¹ because larger feed volumes sustained the concentration driving force for a longer period. Nitrogen mass balance showed that more than 94–99% of the initial TAN was accounted under most conditions, with only a small fraction lost to volatilization. Full article

Inverse fuzzy model control (IFMC) is an attractive strategy for regulating nonlinear thermal processes, where complex heat-transfer dynamics, disturbances, and actuator constraints challenge conventional control approaches. However, traditional direct and indirect inverse schemes often exhibit limited generalization and sensitivity to noise. This paper presents a data-driven inverse fuzzy control framework for temperature regulation in thermal systems, combining Takagi–Sugeno modeling, functional cancelation feedback, and auxiliary-input optimization. Gaussian antecedents and affine consequents are jointly identified via nonlinear least squares from input–output data generated by the theoretical PHE model. The same theoretical model is used as the numerical plant in all closed-loop simulations, whereas the forward and inverse fuzzy models are constructed only from the generated data and do not use the analytical PHE equations during identification or online inference. The learned inverse model estimates control actions that achieve the desired temperature trajectory while respecting actuator constraints. The method is evaluated in simulation on a plate heat exchanger (PHE) benchmark under tracking and disturbance-rejection scenarios. Results show accurate temperature regulation, smooth actuator behavior, and disturbance rejection in the tested scenarios. Compared with a numerically tuned PI baseline, the proposed approach reduces tracking RMSE by 27.5% and the standard deviation of the primary control current by 9.6% in the reported simulation scenario, indicating improved tracking and smoother primary actuation. In general, the proposed framework provides an interpretable and efficient solution for nonlinear thermal processes, with potential applications in energy systems, heat exchangers, and related thermal engineering technologies. Full article

Corrosion, salt deposition, and biofouling critically impair flow assurance and mechanical integrity in oil and gas production systems, resulting in escalating operating costs and environmental burdens. This study presents a screening-level multi-criteria decision-making framework grounded in petroleum engineering practice. Unlike conventional MCDA approaches that require extensive laboratory testing for each asset, our model enables the rapid assessment of inhibitor transferability between technologically similar fields using normalized field parameters and actual procurement data. The model integrates a correlation analysis of the key field parameters of temperature, acid gas content, salt concentration, flow velocity, and water cut with a weighted effectiveness coefficient. A dataset of operational records was coupled with factual procurement prices from 2020 to 2025 to simultaneously optimize inhibitor type and dosing. The novelty lies in the multiplicative weighting scheme and the concept of critical deviation thresholds, which allow engineers to identify cost-saving opportunities without compromising the 90% protection target. Application of the model presented in this article allows a reduction in annual chemical-related operational expenditures. The proposed methodology provides petroleum engineers with a robust, data-driven screening tool to design cost-effective chemical treatment strategies that maintain corrosion protection and reduce environmental load, thereby advancing oil field chemistry technology and supporting efficient oil and gas field development. Full article

The paradigm shift towards wellness, healthy lifestyles, and the deterrence of socially significant diseases has directed scientific interest towards the sustainable extraction of bioactive substances from plant biomass or biowaste. To achieve the recovery of high-quality, enriched extracts containing valuable compounds with preserved activity and stability, advanced techniques are essential. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a cutting-edge extraction method for the valorization of biomass and/or biowaste, which has a crucial role in promoting the principles of bio-innovations and bio-circular economy. When compared to conventional techniques, it can substantially decrease the risks to the environment and humans, particularly when eco-friendly solvents that are recommended in the CHEM21 selection guide are used. Though MAE may achieve high selectivity, it is still compound-dependent, driven by differences in microwave absorption, dielectric behavior, and matrix–solvent interactions across diverse metabolite classes. This advanced technique offers an eco-friendly replacement for conventional extraction, sharply decreasing environmental and health risks. This review presents the current state of plant biomass valorization to secondary metabolites of four classes of compounds by applying MAE, compares its efficiency with that of other techniques, addresses recent developments and challenges, and explores its future perspectives. Full article

The solvent dehydration tower in Purified Terephthalic Acid (PTA) production is characterized by strong multivariable interactions, slow vapor–liquid dynamics, and high sensitivity to upstream disturbances, often limiting the effectiveness of conventional proportional–integral (PI) control. Despite increasing interest in model predictive control (MPC) for separation systems, its application to industrial-scale PTA dehydration under realistic disturbance scenarios and operational constraints remains limited. This study develops a 5 × 5 multivariable model predictive control (MMPC) strategy for an industrial PTA dehydration tower based on a validated nonlinear first-principles UniSim^® Design R500 model and a complete 25-element first-order plus dead time (FOPDT) prediction model identified from systematic dynamic tests. The proposed MMPC was evaluated against the existing industrial PI controller under four representative industrial disturbance scenarios, including feed temperature, feed flow rate, and feed composition variations in two inlet streams. The results show that the proposed MMPC reduced the Integral Absolute Error (IAE) and Integral Squared Error (ISE) by approximately 87–100%, depending on the disturbance scenario and controlled variable. The greatest improvement was obtained under feed composition disturbances, where the MMPC achieved IAE and ISE values of 117.9 and 21.5 for Stream 1, and 8.1 and 0.1 for Stream 2, respectively. The only exception was the inlet temperature disturbance, for which the existing industrial PI controller remained slightly superior because of the predominantly local thermal dynamics and relatively weak process interactions. These results demonstrate that MMPC is particularly effective for strongly coupled multivariable disturbances and provide a practical framework for implementing advanced control in industrial PTA dehydration systems using validated process models. Full article

In this work, the use of a banana peel-derived basic heterogeneous catalyst is investigated for producing biodiesel from sunflower oil. The catalyst is produced by treating dried banana peels at 700 °C under normal atmosphere for 4 h. The reaction parameters were optimized by varying the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (MOMR) and the catalyst-to-oil ratio (CTOR). The highest conversion of sunflower oil to biodiesel (99.4%) was attained after a reaction time of 90 min using an MOMR of 9:1, a catalyst loading of 4 wt%, and a stirring rate of 300 rpm. The catalyst demonstrated good stability, with a yield of 99.4% (±0.28%) obtained over three consecutive runs. No active phase loss was observed during the consecutive reactions, as confirmed by the leaching test. The physical and chemical properties of the formed biodiesel were in good accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The kinetic study allowed for the determination of the activation energy (Ea = 58.1 kJ/mol) and pre-exponential factor (A = 7.4 × 10⁷ min⁻¹) of the catalyzed reaction. Additionally, the valorization of waste cooking oil (WCO) (a second-generation feedstock oil) using the waste banana peel-derived catalyst under optimum reaction conditions achieved a yield of 99.1% (±0.14%). Full article

The sustainable use of industrial raw materials requires accurate characterization and strategic sourcing. In Portugal, the ceramic sector is economically important and depends heavily on aluminosilicate raw materials such as feldspar, kaolin, and clay. This study evaluates twelve Portuguese samples—four feldspars, four kaolins, and four clays—collected near major ceramic industry hubs in central and northern Portugal. The aim is to assess their suitability for industrial use. The characterization areas included chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size, specific surface area, skeletal density, thermal behaviour, plasticity, colour, and fusibility. The results reveal that feldspars exhibited greater compositional variability, particularly in alkali content, with lithium-bearing samples showing enhanced fluxing behaviour, whereas kaolins and clays presented more homogeneous, kaolinite-rich compositions, consistent thermal behaviour and plasticity suitable for ceramic processing. The proximity of these raw material sources to ceramic production centres reduces transportation costs and environmental impact, supporting sustainable supply chains. Overall, the findings indicate that Portuguese aluminosilicates show properties consistent with ceramic processing requirements, and may serve as local alternatives to imported raw materials, reducing dependence on imports while enhancing the sustainability, resilience, and competitiveness of the national ceramic industry. Future work should focus on the formulation and technological validation in ceramic products. Full article

This study presents a hydrogeochemical assessment of oilfield formation waters from the Karazhanbas, Zhetybay, and Uzen oil fields in the Mangystau Region of Kazakhstan, with the aim of elucidating lithium distribution, identifying the geochemical factors controlling its accumulation, and providing a preliminary resource-oriented evaluation. The study investigated pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), ionic–salt composition, lithium (Li) concentration, and the relationships between Li, TDS, major cations, and geochemical ratios, including Ca/Li and Mg/Li. Major ions were determined using standard hydrochemical methods, while Li was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The investigated waters were predominantly classified as chloride–calcium type according to their hydrochemical composition. In terms of TDS, the waters follow the sequence Uzen > Zhetybay > Karazhanbas, whereas Li concentrations follow the sequence Zhetybay > Uzen > Karazhanbas. The highest Li concentrations were detected in Zhetybay waters (1.40–1.85 mg/dm³); in Uzen waters, Li reached 1.51 mg/dm³; and in Karazhanbas waters, it ranged from 0.30 to 0.70 mg/dm³. The highest Mg/Li and (Na⁺ + K⁺)/Li ratios were characteristic of Uzen waters, indicating a more complex salt matrix. Compared with internationally reported lithium-enriched brines, the Mangystau formation waters contain relatively low Li concentrations and cannot currently be considered a commercially viable lithium source. The scientific significance of this study lies in establishing a regional hydrogeochemical baseline for oilfield formation waters and demonstrating that maximum mineralization does not necessarily correspond to the highest Li concentration. Full article

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) corrosion affects the integrity of energy and process infrastructure, yet the field has lacked a quantitative description of its own structure and evolution. This study presents a scientometric analysis of CO₂ corrosion research published between 2005 and 2025, based on 8671 documents retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science and processed in VOSviewer for co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence mapping. Annual output rose from low and irregular levels in the early period to sustained growth from approximately 2013 onward, and more than 80% of cumulative citations were recorded after 2016, indicating that the recently published literature constitutes the field’s actively cited base. Ranked by publication volume, China and the United States are the leading contributors across both databases, followed by a stable group of European and other national communities; at the institutional level, energy-focused organizations predominate, and Corrosion Science is the most frequently occurring and most strongly connected source in the co-citation network. Keyword co-occurrence mapping resolves the literature into four thematic clusters: physic-chemical context, degradation quantification, electrochemical and surface-analytical methods, and industrial application. The analysis also indicates that broad CO₂-based queries retrieve substantial adjacent-field literature; corrosion-specific search terms are therefore suggested for delimiting this domain in future bibliometric studies. Full article

The use of non-conventional systems for domestic wastewater management has gained attention in rural areas of the Global South, where centralised infrastructure is often limited. This study presents the design, construction, and pilot-scale evaluation of a solar still unit operated under passive and photovoltaic-assisted active modes as a separation and polishing component for domestic wastewater from a rural site in Barrancabermeja, Colombia. Performance was assessed through physicochemical and microbiological characterisation of influent wastewater and treated condensate, together with hourly monitoring of distillate production, water temperature, glass-cover temperature, and ambient conditions. Under passive operation, a theoretical distillation model was applied, empirically adjusted, and evaluated using MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and R². Under the tested conditions, indicative within-mode reductions reached 80.9% and 89.3% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 95.6% and 93.8% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), and 94.0% and 94.4% for total suspended solids (TSS) under passive and active modes, respectively. Microbial indicators showed minimum estimated reductions above 99.9%, with faecal coliforms reduced to very low levels in passive mode and not detected in the analysed active-mode condensate sample. Maximum daily condensate production reached 1.445 L m⁻² day⁻¹ in passive mode and 2.262 L m⁻² day⁻¹ in active mode, confirming the low-flow nature of the unit. Approximately 50% of daily production occurred between 12:00 and 15:00 h. The model reproduced the main diurnal production pattern, although empirical correction was required. Overall, the unit may improve condensate quality under pilot-scale conditions and shows potential as a polishing component within decentralised, low-flow treatment trains. Full article

Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification in the human proteome, with over half of all human proteins bearing covalently attached glycans. These glycan structures direct protein folding through ER quality control machinery, shield polypeptides from proteolytic degradation, regulate circulatory half-life via the asialoglycoprotein receptor, and serve as molecular signals for immune recognition and intracellular trafficking. For biopharmaceuticals, which constitute a rapidly growing share of approved drugs, glycan profiles are critical quality attributes that directly determine clinical efficacy and safety. Yet achieving the correct glycosylation on a therapeutic protein remains one of the field’s central challenges, as glycan biosynthesis is non-template-driven and highly sensitive to expression system and manufacturing conditions. This review connects the biological functions of glycosylation to the practical strategies of glycoengineering, examining how sequence design, expression system selection, and downstream enzymatic remodeling are used to optimize therapeutic glycoproteins. Clinical case studies spanning monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and enzyme replacement therapies illustrate how glycan engineering translates into improved patient outcomes. We conclude by surveying emerging technologies poised to make precisely glycosylated therapeutics more accessible. Full article

This study presents a numerical investigation of a slit fin-enhanced phase change material (PCM)-based battery thermal management system (BTMS) for an 18650 cylindrical LiNi_xCo_γMnzO₂ lithium-ion battery. The proposed design modifies the conventional solid rectangular external fins by introducing four longitudinal slit fins with uniformly distributed rectangular through-thickness slot cutouts along the fin height. This modification increases the PCM-fin interfacial contact area and creates additional natural convective heat dissipation pathways from the PCM region to the ambient environment while maintaining the same BTMS envelope, PCM thickness, fin count, housing geometry, and material selection as the validated rectangular-fin baseline. The lumped-capacitance thermal model was used for battery heat generation, while the enthalpy-porosity approach was employed to model PCM melting. Simulations were performed in ANSYS Fluent 2024/R2 at 1C, 3C, 5C, and 7C discharge rates at an ambient temperature of 308.15 K. Paraffin wax PCM with a latent heat of approximately 240,000 J/kg was used. The rectangular fin model was first validated against the baseline study, achieving an average cell wall temperature error of 1.03% and a maximum error of 1.47% at 5C, while the total temperature and liquid fraction deviations remained below 0.73%, confirming the reliability of the numerical model. Mesh independence and temporal convergence studies further confirmed that the selected 0.50 mm polyhedral mesh and 0.5 s time step provided accurate and stable results. The results demonstrate that the slit fin geometry provides metric-dependent improvements in PCM utilization, thermal protection duration, and high-rate latent-heat activation rates. At 1C, both configurations remained well below the 318.15 K safety threshold, but the slit fin configuration maintained approximately 0.7 K lower total temperature at 2500 s and delayed PCM melting by about 300 s compared with rectangular fins, preserving more latent heat capacity for later thermal loading. At 3C, the slit fin design extended the thermal protection duration from 1650 s to 2500 s, corresponding to a 51.5% improvement, and increased PCM latent heat utilization from LF = 0.42 to LF = 0.49, representing a 16.7% increase. At 5C, slit fins initiated PCM melting approximately 3.5 times earlier, around 100 s, compared with 350–400 s for rectangular fins, and reached LF = 0.50 at 620 s, whereas rectangular fins reached only LF = 0.37 at 1480 s. This corresponds to approximately 2.87 times faster PCM utilization and 35.1% greater PCM melting. At 7C, the slit fin system again showed stronger PCM engagement, corresponding to 35.7% greater PCM utilization. Temperature and liquid fraction contours confirmed that the slit openings intensify localised PCM melting near the heat source, improve heat spreading through the PCM domain, and support natural convection-assisted melting. Overall, the slit-fin geometry provides a geometry-based enhancement for PCM utilization and thermal protection without changing system size or material selection for PCM-based BTMSs, improving latent heat utilization and thermal protection without increasing system size, PCM volume, or material complexity. Full article

The work presents a thermodynamic analysis of phase equilibria in the subsolidus region of the three-component oxide system CoO–BaO–Fe₂O₃. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in ceramic ferrites with specified magnetic and electromagnetic properties, which are used in the creation of functional composite materials. The aim of the work was to establish thermodynamically stable binary and ternary phase combinations in the CoO–BaO–Fe₂O₃ system based on the analysis of solid-phase exchange reactions without taking into account ternary oxide compounds. This analysis represents a simplified thermodynamic model that considers only binary oxide compounds and excludes ternary ferrite phases. Thermodynamic calculations of Gibbs energy changes for model reactions of the type “2 = 2” were performed in the temperature range 1000–1800 K using the temperature dependencies of the enthalpies and entropies of compounds. To resolve contradictions arising from the analysis of the stability of individual conjugates, the method of conjugating exchange reactions with a transition to “3 = 2” type interaction mechanisms was applied. As a result of triangulation, nine thermodynamically stable binary combinations of compounds and ten stable triple phase combinations corresponding to elementary triangles of the subsolidus structure of the system were identified. The predisposition of the CoFe₂O₄–BaFe₁₂O₁₉ compound to destabilization is demonstrated, and its structural and phase stabilization due to the formation of an equilibrium three-phase combination of CoFe₂O₄–CoO–BaFe₁₂O₁₉ is substantiated. A general rule has been formulated for analyzing the thermodynamic stability of phase combinations in exchange reactions of the type “3 = 2”. The results obtained provide a physicochemical basis for predicting the phase composition of ferrite materials and composites in any concentration range of the CoO–BaO–Fe₂O₃ system and can be used in the development of technologies for the reaction synthesis of new ceramic ferrites. Full article

Surfactant adsorption onto reservoir rocks remains a critical challenge in chemical enhanced oil recovery (cEOR), as it directly impacts flooding efficiency and chemical costs. This study presents a comprehensive scientometric analysis of research on surfactant adsorption for EOR applications over the period 2005–2025. Based on the Scopus database, 877 publications accounting for more than 22,100 citations were retrieved and analyzed to map the intellectual and conceptual structure of this research field. VOSviewer 1.6.20 software was employed to generate keyword co-occurrence networks, author bibliographic coupling, and country-level contributions. The results reveal a strong growth in scientific output after 2016, with annual publications increasing from fewer than 30 papers per year before 2010 to more than 100 papers per year after 2021. “Enhanced Oil Recovery” (165 occurrences), “Adsorption” (101 occurrences), and “Surfactant” (88 occurrences) emerged as the most frequent and highly interconnected keywords. At the geographical level, China (29.4%), the United States (22.3%), and Iran (9.6%) were identified as the leading contributors, together accounting for more than 60% of the global research output. Bibliographic coupling analysis highlighted a core group of highly influential authors shaping the field through strong collaborative networks. Emerging themes such as nanoparticle-assisted EOR, wettability alteration, and low-salinity surfactant systems were identified as rapidly growing research frontiers. This scientometric analysis provides the first quantitative mapping dedicated specifically to adsorption phenomena in cEOR, while highlighting future opportunities for optimizing adsorption control strategies and improving reservoir performance. Full article

Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at or below 100 °C. They are composed entirely of ions and have unique properties like negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability, and tunable structures. These characteristics make them a promising alternative to traditional, often volatile and toxic organic solvents in the petrochemical industry. They have broad applications in chemical and petrochemical industry processes. Ionic liquids may be applied in the following processes: desulfurization, benzene toluene xylene (BTX) separation, alkylation, and carbon capture units. Two different ionic liquid-based process configurations have been evaluated for BTX separation. It has been found that the process configuration working with 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium tricyanomethanide ([emim][TCM]) reduces the energy costs and capital expenditures associated with the Morphylane process by 67 and 63%, respectively. It also reduces solvent costs, confirming it as a cleaner alternative. The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process is operated under harsh conditions, such as high temperature and high pressure and the requirement of a noble catalyst and hydrogen. High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) failure occurs at high temperatures between the gaseous molecular hydrogen contained inside the steel pressure vessel and the carbon atoms located in the steel matrix or in carbides. Methane molecules are produced during this reaction. This phenomenon can consequently lead to a loss of mechanical properties due to surface decarburization and to the formation of defects caused by methane bubbles mainly located at grain boundaries. The application of ionic liquids (ILs) in oil refineries offers significant advantages, such as safety, environmental sustainability, and process efficiency, primarily by serving as versatile alternatives to hazardous traditional solvents and catalysts. Across BTX extraction, carbon capture, and desulfurization/HDS-adjacent service, the recurring barriers are high viscosity, difficult regeneration, solvent cost/inventory and uncertain long-term stability. Full article

Excessive concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere lead to adverse environmental effects. Biologically assisted processes that rely on organisms such as microalgae (i.e., Chlorella vulgaris) are common in capturing CO₂ from the atmosphere. Microalgae are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. Thus, microalgae production serves both health and environmental sectors. Varying light intensity and temperature are shown to influence algae growth. To quantify algae production under different light intensity and temperature conditions, and monitoring or scaling-up of biological reactors, reliable mathematical models are required. In this work, mathematical models that incorporate light intensity and temperature effects on algae growth in batch and continuous bioreactors are developed. Based on the modeling, the growth rate is maximum at T_opt = 25 °C, reaching the value of μ_max = 0.14 day⁻¹. The growth rate exponentially increases until light intensity (I) reaches around 150 ${\displaystyle \frac{\mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}{{\mathrm{m}}^2\mathrm{s}}}$, which is approximately the optimal light intensity for Chlorella vulgaris. The effect of T on growth rate is found to be more sensitive than light intensity (I) in both batch and continuous reactor systems. When there are too many parameters in models, uncertainties exist and parameter estimation and model predictions become cumbersome. For these reasons analytical solutions to the models are presented in simplified forms and these models are more practical and easier to implement. The novelty of the work is also the presentation of the models in analytical forms. Analytical solutions to the two reactor models (batch and continuous) will help quantify biomass production as a function of time under the varying light intensity and temperature conditions encountered. Full article

Halide solid electrolytes (HSE) have shown remarkable stability against high-voltage cathodes. Some HSE, such as Li₃InCl₆ (LIC), can be readily synthesized via aqueous routes. Here, we expand the aqueous synthesis of LIC to include Y substitution, which has different hydration coordination strengths, to form Li₃In_xY_1−xCl₆ (LIYC, 0 ≤ x ≤1). This composition is intended to combine the high ionic conductivity of LIC with the superior stability of Li₃YCl₆ (LYC). We compared solution-synthesized products with those derived mechanochemically. We found that adding ammonium chloride in a 3:1 ratio to YCl₃ + InCl₃ produces a phase-pure product, with X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealing structure similarity for both routes. Through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and impedance measurements, we evaluate how the synthesis method affects ionic transport, particularly regarding correlated motion. Despite lower initial grain boundary impedance in mechanochemical samples, full cells made from solution-synthesized samples show superior cycling performance. This work establishes a scalable aqueous synthesis route for LIYC that achieves properties comparable to traditional mechanochemical methods. Full article