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Biomedicines
Special Issues
Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation
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Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Translational Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 14659

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ann Liebert

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Guest Editor
Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, Australia
Interests: photobiomodulation; translational medicine; Parkinson’s disease; chronic pain
Prof. Dr. Liisa Laakso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mater Research, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Interests: photobiomodulation; symptom management; chronic disease; supportive cancer care
Dr. Hosen Kiat

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. ANU College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
2. Faculty of Medicine, Human and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
3. NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
Interests: photobiomodulation; preventative cardiology; microbiome and neurodegenerative disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Biomedicines will be an evaluation of past, novel and emerging evidence for the therapeutic mechanisms of photobiomodulation. The Special Issue will assemble papers that cover many areas of previous and current scientific research underpinning the molecular mechanisms of photobiomodulation and its translation into therapeutic applications. The therapeutic effects of photobiomodulation appear to be mediated through pleiotropic pathways and mechanisms, directly, systemically, and by the abscopal modulation of cellular metabolism, gut–brain axis etc. Photobiomodulation as a noninvasive and safe therapeutic modality is increasingly applied across many areas of medicine, including supportive cancer care and the attenuation of symptoms in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis and cognitive decline of aging. The aim of this Issue is to bring together state-of-the-art papers in these areas of research, as well as the more traditional areas of photobiomodulation therapy in pain, wounds, and inflammatory arthritis. There are many fields of research that intersect with photobiomodulation, including photophysics, photobiology, and translational medical research. Bringing together this research under the theme of therapeutic mechanisms of photobiomodulation will allow for an evidence-supported level of recognition of PBM, and has the potential to accelerate the translational uptake of this therapy. 

Dr. Ann Liebert
Prof. Dr. Liisa Laakso
Dr. Hosen Kiat
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • photobiomodulation
  • photophysics
  • photobiology
  • photobiomics
  • biophotons
  • light therapy

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 4883 KiB  
Article
Photothermal Effects of High-Energy Photobiomodulation Therapies: An In Vitro Investigation
by Mark Cronshaw, Steven Parker, Martin Grootveld and Edward Lynch
Biomedicines 2023, 11(6), 1634; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061634 - 4 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate photothermal aspects of photobiomodulation therapies (PBMT) in vitro to assist in the development of safe clinical parameters with respect to higher-power devices with large surface applicators. Laser wavelengths in the range of 650 nm–1064 nm [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate photothermal aspects of photobiomodulation therapies (PBMT) in vitro to assist in the development of safe clinical parameters with respect to higher-power devices with large surface applicators. Laser wavelengths in the range of 650 nm–1064 nm were investigated using a thermal camera. Thermographic measures of surface and sub-surface temperature variations of similar lean porcine muscle tissue samples were recorded for a series of calibrated experiments. A thermal comparison was then made between Flat-top and Gaussian beam spatial distribution devices. Outcome data were subjected to statistical analysis using an ANOVA model. Results acquired at similar parameters of irradiance indicated that the application of the 980 nm wavelength was associated with the highest rise in temperature, which decreased with other wavelengths in the order 980 > 1064 ≈ 650 >>> 810 nm (p < 5 × 10−20). All wavelengths assessed were associated with a significant temperature increase, and with the exception of 810 nm, all exceeded the threshold of a 6 °C rise within the prescribed parameter limits. Optical scanning by movement of the applied source over a relevant area was found to offer effective mitigation of these temperature increases. An extended discussion is presented, analysing the clinical significance of the study outcomes. Recommendations are made within the limits of this in vitro study in order to assist future clinical investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation)
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Review

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13 pages, 853 KiB  
Review
The Parameters Affecting Antimicrobial Efficiency of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy: A Review and Prospect
by Shijie Huang, Shangfei Lin, Haokuan Qin, Hui Jiang and Muqing Liu
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041197 - 18 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1839
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy is a novel non-antibiotic antimicrobial approach which works by generating reactive oxygen species. It has shown excellent antimicrobial ability to various microbial pathogens in many studies. However, due to the variability of aBL parameters (e.g., wavelength, dose), there [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy is a novel non-antibiotic antimicrobial approach which works by generating reactive oxygen species. It has shown excellent antimicrobial ability to various microbial pathogens in many studies. However, due to the variability of aBL parameters (e.g., wavelength, dose), there are differences in the antimicrobial effect across different studies, which makes it difficult to form treatment plans for clinical and industrial application. In this review, we summarize research on aBL from the last six years to provide suggestions for clinical and industrial settings. Furthermore, we discuss the damage mechanism and protection mechanism of aBL therapy, and provide a prospect about valuable research fields related to aBL therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation)
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31 pages, 2836 KiB  
Review
Photophysical Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation Therapy as Precision Medicine
by Ann Liebert, William Capon, Vincent Pang, Damien Vila, Brian Bicknell, Craig McLachlan and Hosen Kiat
Biomedicines 2023, 11(2), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020237 - 17 Jan 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4966
Abstract
Despite a significant focus on the photochemical and photoelectrical mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation (PBM), its complex functions are yet to be fully elucidated. To date, there has been limited attention to the photophysical aspects of PBM. One effect of photobiomodulation relates to the non-visual [...] Read more.
Despite a significant focus on the photochemical and photoelectrical mechanisms underlying photobiomodulation (PBM), its complex functions are yet to be fully elucidated. To date, there has been limited attention to the photophysical aspects of PBM. One effect of photobiomodulation relates to the non-visual phototransduction pathway, which involves mechanotransduction and modulation to cytoskeletal structures, biophotonic signaling, and micro-oscillatory cellular interactions. Herein, we propose a number of mechanisms of PBM that do not depend on cytochrome c oxidase. These include the photophysical aspects of PBM and the interactions with biophotons and mechanotransductive processes. These hypotheses are contingent on the effect of light on ion channels and the cytoskeleton, the production of biophotons, and the properties of light and biological molecules. Specifically, the processes we review are supported by the resonant recognition model (RRM). This previous research demonstrated that protein micro-oscillations act as a signature of their function that can be activated by resonant wavelengths of light. We extend this work by exploring the local oscillatory interactions of proteins and light because they may affect global body circuits and could explain the observed effect of PBM on neuro-cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations. In particular, since dysrhythmic gamma oscillations are associated with neurodegenerative diseases and pain syndromes, including migraine with aura and fibromyalgia, we suggest that transcranial PBM should target diseases where patients are affected by impaired neural oscillations and aberrant brain wave patterns. This review also highlights examples of disorders potentially treatable with precise wavelengths of light by mimicking protein activity in other tissues, such as the liver, with, for example, Crigler-Najjar syndrome and conditions involving the dysregulation of the cytoskeleton. PBM as a novel therapeutic modality may thus behave as “precision medicine” for the treatment of various neurological diseases and other morbidities. The perspectives presented herein offer a new understanding of the photophysical effects of PBM, which is important when considering the relevance of PBM therapy (PBMt) in clinical applications, including the treatment of diseases and the optimization of health outcomes and performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation)
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Other

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11 pages, 1517 KiB  
Study Protocol
Protocol for a Single-Arm Feasibility Study of Photobiomodulation for Fatigue, Depression, and Pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
by Tatjana Ewais, Jakob Begun and E-Liisa Laakso
Biomedicines 2023, 11(8), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082179 - 2 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 979
Abstract
Background: There are limited treatment options for mental health comorbidities associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), although they have been shown to negatively affect the course of IBD and multiple important areas of functioning. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a new therapeutic intervention using laser-generated [...] Read more.
Background: There are limited treatment options for mental health comorbidities associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), although they have been shown to negatively affect the course of IBD and multiple important areas of functioning. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a new therapeutic intervention using laser-generated low-powered light therapy that has shown early promise in alleviating fatigue, depression, and pain in chronic illness. Methods: This prospective, single-arm pilot study aims to assess the feasibility and efficacy of PBM in the treatment of fatigue, depression, and pain in youth with IBD. We will recruit 28 young adults with IBD who will receive PBM in addition to treatment as usual. The primary outcome will be fatigue, while secondary outcomes will include depression, pain, quality of life, inflammatory markers, alterations in microbiome composition, physical activity, and functioning. Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, after a 10-week control period (pre-PBM), at 20 weeks (post-PBM), and at 30 weeks. Feasibility will be assessed by attendance, recruitment rates, and participants’ views of PBM. Mixed-effects linear regression modelling will be used to assess the PBM effect on continuous outcomes (fatigue, depression, anxiety and stress scores, and inflammation levels). Results: The study will provide preliminary indicators of PBM feasibility and efficacy in IBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation)
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14 pages, 674 KiB  
Perspective
A Holistic Perspective on How Photobiomodulation May Influence Fatigue, Pain, and Depression in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Beyond Molecular Mechanisms
by E-Liisa Laakso and Tatjana Ewais
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051497 - 22 May 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4913
Abstract
Background: Numerous mechanisms, mostly molecular, have been tested and proposed for photobiomodulation. Photobiomodulation is finding a niche in the treatment of conditions that have no gold-standard treatment or only partially effective pharmacological treatment. Many chronic conditions are characterised by symptoms for which there [...] Read more.
Background: Numerous mechanisms, mostly molecular, have been tested and proposed for photobiomodulation. Photobiomodulation is finding a niche in the treatment of conditions that have no gold-standard treatment or only partially effective pharmacological treatment. Many chronic conditions are characterised by symptoms for which there is no cure or control and for which pharmaceuticals may add to the disease burden through side effects. To add quality to life, alternate methods of symptom management need to be identified. Objective: To demonstrate how photobiomodulation, through its numerous mechanisms, may offer an adjunctive therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Rather than considering only molecular mechanisms, we take an overarching biopsychosocial approach to propose how existing evidence gleaned from other studies may underpin a treatment strategy of potential benefit to people with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Main findings: In this paper, the authors have proposed the perspective that photobiomodulation, through an integrated effect on the neuroimmune and microbiome–gut–brain axis, has the potential to be effective in managing the fatigue, pain, and depressive symptoms of people with inflammatory bowel disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation)
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