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Biomedicines
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Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications...
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Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunology and Immunotherapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2024 | Viewed by 4438

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Farhad Vahid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Precision Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
Interests: diet-induced inflammation; nutrition and inflammation; diet and gut microbiota; oxidative stress and antioxidants; dietary bioactive compounds
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The interplay between gut microbiota, dietary factors, and immune responses has emerged as a critical area of research with profound implications for understanding disease development. This Special Issue delves into the intricate connections between the gut microbiota, dietary patterns/intakes/habits, and the immune system, aiming to shed light on the multifaceted relationships that contribute to health and disease.

The gut microbiota, a diverse ecosystem of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and influencing various physiological processes. Recent advances in microbiome research have unveiled the impact of diet on shaping the composition and functionality of gut microbes. This Special Issue explores how dietary choices/patterns/intakes/habits, including nutrients and bioactive compounds, modulate the gut microbiota and subsequently impact immune function.

Understanding the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the immune system is crucial for unraveling the mechanisms underlying disease susceptibility and resilience. Articles featured in this Special Issue will cover a spectrum of topics, including the role of gut microbiota in immune system development, the influence of dietary patterns on microbial diversity, and the immunomodulatory effects of specific nutrients.

Furthermore, the implications of dysbiosis—an imbalance in the gut microbiota—on immune-related diseases will be addressed. Contributors will investigate how disruptions in the delicate equilibrium of the gut ecosystem, often driven by poor dietary habits, may contribute to the pathogenesis of various disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, autoimmune conditions, and metabolic syndromes.

The overarching goal of this Special Issue is to consolidate current knowledge, present cutting-edge research findings, and stimulate further exploration into the complex interconnections between gut microbiota, diet, and immunity. By fostering a comprehensive understanding of these relationships, we aim to provide insights that may guide the development of targeted interventions and therapeutic strategies for preventing and managing diseases associated with a dysregulated gut microbiota and immune responses.

Researchers, clinicians, and professionals across disciplines are invited to contribute their expertise to advance our understanding of the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota, diet, and immunity in health and disease.

Contributions from every corner of biomedicine, such as biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology, pathology, microbiology, cell biology, toxicology, pharmacology, virology, bacteriology, immunology, genetics, and embryology, are welcome. However, reports must be based on serum/blood/circulating investigations and be chemically well defined. Outstanding cellular or animal models may be considered. Even if not associated with serum metabolites, gut microbiota results are welcome.

Dr. Farhad Vahid
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gut microbiota
  • diet
  • immunity
  • microbiome
  • dysbiosis
  • inflammatory bowel diseases
  • cancer
  • CVD
  • T2D
  • obesity
  • overweight
  • autoimmune diseases
  • metabolic syndromes
  • immunomodulation
  • microbial diversity
  • nutrient–gut microbiota interactions
  • probiotics
  • prebiotics
  • immune system development
  • disease susceptibility
  • therapeutic interventions
  • host–microbe interactions
  • gut–brain axis
  • microbial metabolites
  • precision nutrition

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 3577 KiB  
Article
Microbial Signatures in COVID-19: Distinguishing Mild and Severe Disease via Gut Microbiota
by Julia S. Galeeva, Dmitry E. Fedorov, Elizaveta V. Starikova, Alexander I. Manolov, Alexander V. Pavlenko, Oksana V. Selezneva, Ksenia M. Klimina, Vladimir A. Veselovsky, Maxim D. Morozov, Oleg O. Yanushevich, Natella I. Krikheli, Oleg V. Levchenko, Dmitry N. Andreev, Filipp S. Sokolov, Aleksey K. Fomenko, Mikhail K. Devkota, Nikolai G. Andreev, Andrey V. Zaborovskiy, Petr A. Bely, Sergei V. Tsaregorodtsev, Vladimir V. Evdokimov, Igor V. Maev, Vadim M. Govorun and Elena N. Ilinaadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050996 - 1 May 2024
Viewed by 550
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has significantly impacted global healthcare, underscoring the importance of exploring the virus’s effects on infected individuals beyond treatments and vaccines. Notably, recent findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the gut, thereby altering the gut microbiota. [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has significantly impacted global healthcare, underscoring the importance of exploring the virus’s effects on infected individuals beyond treatments and vaccines. Notably, recent findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 can infect the gut, thereby altering the gut microbiota. This study aimed to analyze the gut microbiota composition differences between COVID-19 patients experiencing mild and severe symptoms. We conducted 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing on fecal samples from 49 mild and 43 severe COVID-19 cases upon hospital admission. Our analysis identified a differential abundance of specific bacterial species associated with the severity of the disease. Severely affected patients showed an association with Enterococcus faecium, Akkermansia muciniphila, and others, while milder cases were linked to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Alistipes putredinis, Blautia faecis, and additional species. Furthermore, a network analysis using SPIEC-EASI indicated keystone taxa and highlighted structural differences in bacterial connectivity, with a notable disruption in the severe group. Our study highlights the diverse impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the gut microbiome among both mild and severe COVID-19 patients, showcasing a spectrum of microbial responses to the virus. Importantly, these findings align, to some extent, with observations from other studies on COVID-19 gut microbiomes, despite variations in methodologies. The findings from this study, based on retrospective data, establish a foundation for future prospective research to confirm the role of the gut microbiome as a predictive biomarker for the severity of COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development)
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17 pages, 12861 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of the Gut Microbiota in Regard to Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergies of Children
by Alexandra I. Nekrasova, Irina G. Kalashnikova, Maria M. Bobrova, Anna V. Korobeinikova, Sirozhdin Yu. Bakoev, German A. Ashniev, Ekaterina S. Petryaikina, Alexander S. Nekrasov, Angelica V. Zagainova, Mariya V. Lukashina, Larisa R. Tolkacheva, Anastasia S. Zhdanova, Vladimir E. Mukhin, Vladimir S. Yudin, Anton A. Keskinov, Valentin V. Makarov, Sergey A. Kraevoy and Sergey M. Yudin
Biomedicines 2024, 12(3), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12030553 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1202
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health, as well as in the development of various pathologies, as indicated by a large amount of research. One of the manifestations of an imbalance in the gut microbiome composition is the appearance [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining human health, as well as in the development of various pathologies, as indicated by a large amount of research. One of the manifestations of an imbalance in the gut microbiome composition is the appearance of various diseases or immune reactions, in particular, atopic dermatitis (AD) and/or food allergies (FA). In this research, using 16S NGS sequencing, it was found that the gut microbiome of children with food allergies and children with atopic dermatitis can be characterized as having higher inflammatory potential. Both groups exhibited an abundance of representatives from the Pasteurellaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae families, as well as a decrease in the relative number of representatives from the Barnesiellaceae family compared to healthy participants. In the group of participants with food allergies, there was a decrease in the relative number of Desulfovibrionaceae representatives and Bifidobacteriaceae family enrichment in relatively healthy participants. In addition, when comparing this group with patients with atopic dermatitis, it was revealed that a number of representatives of such families as Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Sutterellaceae prevailed. This information confirms that AD and FA correlate with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. Further research is needed to determine the cause–effect connections and the effect of compounds derived from the microbiota on the AD and FA development and progression, as well as to create new probiotic drugs to prevent and modulate immune responses, including at an early age. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development)
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Review

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34 pages, 1730 KiB  
Review
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) and Twelve Groups of Related Diseases—Current State of Knowledge
by Paulina Roszkowska, Emilia Klimczak, Ewa Ostrycharz, Aleksandra Rączka, Iwona Wojciechowska-Koszko, Andrzej Dybus, Yeong-Hsiang Cheng, Yu-Hsiang Yu, Szymon Mazgaj and Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051030 - 7 May 2024
Viewed by 243
Abstract
The human gut microbiota creates a complex microbial ecosystem, characterized by its high population density, wide diversity, and complex interactions. Any imbalance of the intestinal microbiome, whether qualitative or quantitative, may have serious consequences for human health, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). [...] Read more.
The human gut microbiota creates a complex microbial ecosystem, characterized by its high population density, wide diversity, and complex interactions. Any imbalance of the intestinal microbiome, whether qualitative or quantitative, may have serious consequences for human health, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). SIBO is defined as an increase in the number of bacteria (103–105 CFU/mL), an alteration in the bacterial composition, or both in the small intestine. The PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Medline databases were searched for studies on SIBO and related diseases. These diseases were divided into 12 groups: (1) gastrointestinal disorders; (2) autoimmune disease; (3) cardiovascular system disease; (4) metabolic disease; (5) endocrine disorders; (6) nephrological disorders; (7) dermatological diseases; (8) neurological diseases (9); developmental disorders; (10) mental disorders; (11) genetic diseases; and (12) gastrointestinal cancer. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to present the current state of knowledge on the relationships between SIBO and these 12 disease groups, taking into account risk factors and the causal context. This review fills the evidence gap on SIBO and presents a biological–medical approach to the problem, clearly showing the groups and diseases having a proven relationship with SIBO, as well as indicating groups within which research should continue to be expanded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development)
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15 pages, 310 KiB  
Review
Intestinal Dysbiosis: Microbial Imbalance Impacts on Colorectal Cancer Initiation, Progression and Disease Mitigation
by Mary Garvey
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040740 - 26 Mar 2024
Viewed by 867
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract houses a diverse range of microbial species that play an integral part in many biological functions. Several preclinical studies using germ-free mice models have demonstrated that the gut microbiome profoundly influences carcinogenesis and progression. Colorectal cancer appears to be [...] Read more.
The human gastrointestinal tract houses a diverse range of microbial species that play an integral part in many biological functions. Several preclinical studies using germ-free mice models have demonstrated that the gut microbiome profoundly influences carcinogenesis and progression. Colorectal cancer appears to be associated with microbial dysbiosis involving certain bacterial species, including F. nucleatum, pks+ E. coli, and B. fragilis, with virome commensals also disrupted in patients. A dysbiosis toward these pro-carcinogenic species increases significantly in CRC patients, with reduced numbers of the preventative species Clostridium butyicum, Roseburia, and Bifidobacterium evident. There is also a correlation between Clostridium infection and CRC. F. nucleatum, in particular, is strongly associated with CRC where it is associated with therapeutic resistance and poor outcomes in patients. The carcinogenic mode of action of pathogenic bacteria in CRC is a result of genotoxicity, epigenetic alterations, ROS generation, and pro-inflammatory activity. The aim of this review is to discuss the microbial species and their impact on colorectal cancer in terms of disease initiation, progression, and metastasis. The potential of anticancer peptides as anticancer agents or adjuvants is also discussed, as novel treatment options are required to combat the high levels of resistance to current pharmaceutical options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development)

Other

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9 pages, 1050 KiB  
Case Report
Complementary Therapeutic Effect of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Ulcerative Colitis after the Response to Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Agent Was Lost: A Case Report
by Jongbeom Shin, Ga Hyeon Baek, Boram Cha, Soo-Hyun Park, Jung-Hwan Lee, Jun-Seob Kim and Kye Sook Kwon
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040800 - 3 Apr 2024
Viewed by 652
Abstract
In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), the development of an antidrug antibody (ADA) to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α agent is a crucial problem which aggravates the clinical course of the disease, being cited as one of the most common causes for discontinuing anti-TNFα [...] Read more.
In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), the development of an antidrug antibody (ADA) to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α agent is a crucial problem which aggravates the clinical course of the disease, being cited as one of the most common causes for discontinuing anti-TNFα treatment. This is due to ADA eventually causing secondary LOR, leading to discontinuation of anti-TNFα treatment. Recently, research on the microbiome and relationship between worsening UC and dysbiosis has been conducted. Further, investigations on the association between the microbiome and secondary LOR are increasing. Here, we present the therapeutic effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on a 42-year-old man with secondary LOR and high ADA levels. FMT has recently been used for the treatment of, and for overcoming, drug resistance through microbiome modification. Stool samples were collected from the patient before and 4 weeks after FMT. Symptoms, including hematochezia and Mayo endoscopy sub-scores, improved after FMT, while ADA levels decreased by one-third to less than half the value (29 ng/mL) compared to before FMT (79 ng/mL). Additionally, the trough level of infliximab became measurable, which reflects the improvement in the area under the concentration (AUC). Butyricicoccus, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Ligilactobacillus, Alistipes, and Odoribacter, which regulate immune responses and alleviate inflammation, also increased after FMT. We report a case in which microbiome modification by FMT increased the AUC of anti-TNFα in a patient who developed secondary LOR during anti-TNFα treatment, thereby improving symptoms and mucosal inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development)
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