Small Wonders—The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Disease | Number of Reported/Estimated Deaths | Number of Reported/Estimated Cases |
---|---|---|
AIDS (HIV) | 1,590,952/- | -/35,000,000 |
Tuberculosis | -/1,072,678 | 5,725,317/11,468,559 |
Malaria 1 | 107,225/624,568 | 48,231,939/207,400,000 |
Hepatitis C | -/425,000 | -/140,000,000 |
Leishmaniasis 2 | -/25,000 | 213,871/- |
Schistosomaiasis | 23,313/- | -/300,000 |
Trypanosomasis 3 | 19,026 4 | 6,314 newly reported/20,000 |
Ebola virus (2014–2015 outbreak) # | 11,080 | 26,759 |
2. Choice of Material for Nanoparticle Vaccine
Category | Nanoparticle Material | Size | Antigen (pathogen) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Inorganic (Non-degradable) | Iron Silica | 20–300 nm | MSP1 (Plasmodium falciparum) BSA | [14,44] |
Liposome (Non-viral lipids particle) | Cholesterol Lipid Lipid | 200 nm | Polysaccharides (Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14) VMP001 (Plasmodium vivax) RTS,S/AS01B (Plasmodium falciparum CSP + hepatitis B protein hybrid) | [45,46,47] |
Virus-like particle | Viral capsid expressed in Bacurlovirus Bacteriophage expressed in E. coli C41 | 27–60 nm | Capsid protein L1 + L2 (HPV) Capsid protein L2 (HPV) | [19,20] |
Polymeric | Chitosan | 160–1000 nm | Hepatitis B | [30,48,49,50,51,52] |
PLGA | Ovalbumin | |||
PLGA | Tetanus toxoid | |||
PVPONAlk | Ovalbumin | |||
γ-PGA | gp120 (HIV-1) |
3. Nanoparticle as an Efficient Antigen Delivery System
3.1. Trafficking of Antigen to the Lymph Nodes
3.2. Nanoparticle-Induced Immunity
4. Disadvantages of Some Preparation Methods
5. Novel Approach—Nanocapsule Assembly Using Templates
5.1. Layer-by-Layer
5.2. Single Step Assembly
6. Adjuvant
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Taki, A.; Smooker, P. Small Wonders—The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen. Vaccines 2015, 3, 638-661. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines3030638
Taki A, Smooker P. Small Wonders—The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen. Vaccines. 2015; 3(3):638-661. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines3030638
Chicago/Turabian StyleTaki, Aya, and Peter Smooker. 2015. "Small Wonders—The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen" Vaccines 3, no. 3: 638-661. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines3030638