Acoustic Emission Activity for Characterizing Fracture of Marble under Bending
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials and Mechanical Details
2.2. Ultrasonic Inspection
2.3. Acoustic Emission
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ultrasonics
3.2. Acoustic Emission
Type | Maximum Load (kN) | UPV (m/s) | Fracture Stage | RT (μs) | ENE (-) | DUR (μs) | AMP (dB) | AF (kHz) | RA (μs/V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MA | 2.30 | 4798 | A | 455 | 10.9 | 1321.0 | 47.0 | 25.8 | 20305 |
B | 167 | 7.9 | 820.8 | 46.8 | 30.6 | 8222 | |||
C | 380 | 8.7 | 1158.7 | 46.8 | 31.0 | 15829 | |||
MB | 5.08 | 6383 | A | 231 | 8.6 | 832.6 | 48.3 | 35.8 | 8452 |
B | 95 | 5.8 | 508.3 | 47.9 | 41.0 | 4344 | |||
C | 964 | 29.4 | 2904.5 | 50.7 | 38.2 | 22355 |
3.3. Behavior of Repaired Specimens
Marble Type | Maximum Load (kN) | UPV * (m/s) | Fracture Stage | RT (μs) | ENE (-) | DUR (μs) | AMP (dB) | AF (kHz) | RA (ms/V) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MA | 1.63 | 4798 | A | 146 | 5.6 | 629 | 47.6 | 38 | 7.33 |
B | 61 | 4.6 | 416 | 48.1 | 43.9 | 2.93 | |||
C | 372 | 15.2 | 1153 | 49.5 | 36.7 | 9.45 | |||
MB | 2.46 | 6383 | A | 179 | 7.2 | 740 | 48.8 | 37.2 | 5.60 |
B | 71 | 4.5 | 454 | 47.6 | 39.9 | 3.07 | |||
C | 344 | 16.4 | 1022 | 50.9 | 43.9 | 9.08 |
MA | Maximum Load (kN) | UPV * (m/s) | Maximum Load(REP) (kN) | n = Load(REP)/Load (-) |
---|---|---|---|---|
no stages in AE | 2.24 | 4713 | 1.46 | 0.66 |
3 stages in AE | 2.33 | 4846 | 1.75 | 0.76 |
total | 2.30 | 4798 | 1.63 | 0.72 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- i)
- The fracture of the material follows three successive stages of high, low and high AE activity.
- ii)
- The AE parameters at each stage vary showing that the fracture pattern changes throughout the damage process even though the macroscopic failure of both marble types is derived from the same three-point bending setup.
- iii)
- Different marble types exhibit fairly different behavior, even from the initial stage of loading. Based on AE parameters from the early stage (AF and RA), an almost complete separation of the two populations (high and low strength) is possible, allowing the prediction of the strength group that each specimen belongs.
- iv)
- Repaired specimen with adhesive epoxy exhibited a restoration of flexural strength between 50% and 75% depending on the bonding efficiency.
- v)
- The repaired specimens, which followed AE behavior similar to the intact ones (same three distinct fracture stages), exhibited much higher strength restoration (20% higher ultimate load at the test after repair), something attributed to the good adhesion that dictates the specimens to fracture similar to the intact ones.
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tsangouri, E.; Aggelis, D.G.; Matikas, T.E.; Mpalaskas, A.C. Acoustic Emission Activity for Characterizing Fracture of Marble under Bending. Appl. Sci. 2016, 6, 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/app6010006
Tsangouri E, Aggelis DG, Matikas TE, Mpalaskas AC. Acoustic Emission Activity for Characterizing Fracture of Marble under Bending. Applied Sciences. 2016; 6(1):6. https://doi.org/10.3390/app6010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsangouri, Eleni, Dimitrios G. Aggelis, Theodore E. Matikas, and Anastasios C. Mpalaskas. 2016. "Acoustic Emission Activity for Characterizing Fracture of Marble under Bending" Applied Sciences 6, no. 1: 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/app6010006