Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study System
Location | Region (Cantón) | Area (Ha) | Pesticide Input |
---|---|---|---|
Penjamo | Sarapiquí | 148 | Moderate |
Rebusca | Sarapiquí | 102 | Conventional |
La Selva | Sarapiquí | 1,600 | None |
2.2. Immune Challenge
2.3. Statistics
2.4. Parasitism Survey
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Immune Challenge
3.2. Parasitism Survey
Location | Caterpillars Collected | Adult | Parasitism | Parasitoid ID | Parasitism by Taxa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
La Selva | 542 | 276 | 26% | Tachinidae | 60% |
Braconidae | 24% | ||||
Ichneumonidae | 4% | ||||
Chalcididae | 4% | ||||
Eulophidae | 2% | ||||
Hymenoptera | 3% | ||||
Penjamo | 932 | 606 | 18% | Tachinidae | 78% |
Hymenoptera | 22% | ||||
Braconidae | 7% | ||||
Rebusca | 1031 | 708 | 14% | Tachinidae | 81% |
Hymenoptera | 8% | ||||
Braconidae | 4% | ||||
Ichneumonidae | 1% |
Species | Caterpillars Collected | Adult | Parasitism |
---|---|---|---|
Caligo memnon (Brassolinae) | 1,211 | 808 | 12.2% |
Antichloris viridis (Erebidae) | 863 | 564 | 20.8% |
Opsiphanes tamarindi (Brassolinae) | 285 | 148 | 27.0% |
Acharia nesea (Limacodidae) | 118 | 19 | 65% |
Acharia hyperoche (Limacodidae) | 50 | 35 | 10.2% |
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Smilanich, A.M.; Dyer, L.A. Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies. Insects 2012, 3, 616-628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030616
Smilanich AM, Dyer LA. Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies. Insects. 2012; 3(3):616-628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030616
Chicago/Turabian StyleSmilanich, Angela M., and Lee A. Dyer. 2012. "Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies" Insects 3, no. 3: 616-628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects3030616