Next Issue
Volume 7, March
Previous Issue
Volume 6, September
 
 

Symmetry, Volume 6, Issue 4 (December 2014) – 13 articles , Pages 844-1057

  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
340 KiB  
Article
Coulomb Solutions from Improper Pseudo-Unitary Free Gauge Field Operator Translations
by Andreas Aste
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 1037-1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6041037 - 15 Dec 2014
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4229
Abstract
Fundamental problems of quantum field theory related to the representation problem of canonical commutation relations are discussed within a gauge field version of a van Hove-type model. The Coulomb field generated by a static charge distribution is described as a formal superposition of [...] Read more.
Fundamental problems of quantum field theory related to the representation problem of canonical commutation relations are discussed within a gauge field version of a van Hove-type model. The Coulomb field generated by a static charge distribution is described as a formal superposition of time-like pseudo-photons in Fock space with a Krein structure. In this context, a generalization of operator gauge transformations is introduced to generate coherent states of Abelian gauge fields interacting with a charged background. Full article
213 KiB  
Article
Benjamin–Bona–Mahony Equation with Variable Coefficients: Conservation Laws
by Ben Muatjetjeja and Chaudry Masood Khalique
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 1026-1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6041026 - 15 Dec 2014
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5058
Abstract
This paper aims to construct conservation laws for a Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation with variable coefficients, which is a third-order partial differential equation. This equation does not have a Lagrangian and so we transform it to a fourth-order partial differential equation, which has a Lagrangian. [...] Read more.
This paper aims to construct conservation laws for a Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation with variable coefficients, which is a third-order partial differential equation. This equation does not have a Lagrangian and so we transform it to a fourth-order partial differential equation, which has a Lagrangian. The Noether approach is then employed to construct the conservation laws. It so happens that the derived conserved quantities fail to satisfy the divergence criterion and so one needs to make adjustments to the derived conserved quantities in order to satisfy the divergence condition. The conservation laws are then expressed in the original variable. Finally, a conservation law is used to obtain exact solution of a special case of the Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation. Full article
1133 KiB  
Article
Privacy-Enhancing Security Protocol in LTE Initial Attack
by Uijin Jang, Hyungmin Lim and Hyungjoo Kim
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 1011-1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6041011 - 12 Dec 2014
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6468
Abstract
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a fourth-generation mobile communication technology implemented throughout the world. It is the communication means of smartphones that send and receive all of the private date of individuals. M2M, IOT, etc., are the base technologies of mobile communication that will [...] Read more.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a fourth-generation mobile communication technology implemented throughout the world. It is the communication means of smartphones that send and receive all of the private date of individuals. M2M, IOT, etc., are the base technologies of mobile communication that will be used in the future cyber world. However, identification parameters, such as International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), Radio Network Temporary Identities (RNTI), etc., in the initial attach section for accessing the LTE network are presented with the vulnerability of being exposed as clear text. Such vulnerability does not end in a mere identification parameter, but can lead to a secondary attack using the identification parameter, such as replication of the smartphone, illegal use of the mobile communication network, etc. This paper proposes a security protocol to safely transmit identification parameters in different cases of the initial attach. The proposed security protocol solves the exposed vulnerability by encrypting the parameters in transmission. Using an OPNET simulator, it is shown that the average rate of delay and processing ratio are efficient in comparison to the existing process. Full article
Show Figures

737 KiB  
Article
MLDS: Multi-Layer Defense System for Preventing Advanced Persistent Threats
by Daesung Moon, Hyungjin Im, Jae Dong Lee and Jong Hyuk Park
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 997-1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040997 - 03 Dec 2014
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8867
Abstract
Here we report on the issue of Advanced Persistent Threats (APT), which use malware for the purpose of leaking the data of large corporations and government agencies. APT attacks target systems continuously by utilizing intelligent and complex technologies. To overthrow the elaborate security [...] Read more.
Here we report on the issue of Advanced Persistent Threats (APT), which use malware for the purpose of leaking the data of large corporations and government agencies. APT attacks target systems continuously by utilizing intelligent and complex technologies. To overthrow the elaborate security network of target systems, it conducts an attack after undergoing a pre-reconnaissance phase. An APT attack causes financial loss, information leakage, etc. They can easily bypass the antivirus system of a target system. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Layer Defense System (MLDS) that can defend against APT. This system applies a reinforced defense system by collecting and analyzing log information and various information from devices, by installing the agent on the network appliance, server and end-user. It also discusses how to detect an APT attack when one cannot block the initial intrusion while continuing to conduct other activities. Thus, this system is able to minimize the possibility of initial intrusion and damages of the system by promptly responding through rapid detection of an attack when the target system is attacked. Full article
Show Figures

25941 KiB  
Review
Brain Activity in Response to Visual Symmetry
by Marco Bertamini and Alexis D.J. Makin
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 975-996; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040975 - 02 Dec 2014
Cited by 89 | Viewed by 16009
Abstract
A number of studies have explored visual symmetry processing by measuring event related potentials and neural oscillatory activity. There is a sustained posterior negativity (SPN) related to the presence of symmetry. There is also functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity in extrastriate visual [...] Read more.
A number of studies have explored visual symmetry processing by measuring event related potentials and neural oscillatory activity. There is a sustained posterior negativity (SPN) related to the presence of symmetry. There is also functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity in extrastriate visual areas and in the lateral occipital complex. We summarise the evidence by answering six questions. (1) Is there an automatic and sustained response to symmetry in visual areas? Answer: Yes, and this suggests automatic processing of symmetry. (2) Which brain areas are involved in symmetry perception? Answer: There is an extended network from extrastriate areas to higher areas. (3) Is reflection special? Answer: Reflection is the optimal stimulus for a more general regularity-sensitive network. (4) Is the response to symmetry independent of view angle? Answer: When people classify patterns as symmetrical or random, the response to symmetry is view-invariant. When people attend to other dimensions, the network responds to residual regularity in the image. (5) How are brain rhythms in the two hemispheres altered during symmetry perception? Answer: Symmetry processing (rather than presence) produces more alpha desynchronization in the right posterior regions. Finally, (6) does symmetry processing produce positive affect? Answer: Not in the strongest sense, but behavioural measures reveal implicit positive evaluation of abstract symmetry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Symmetry)
Show Figures

460 KiB  
Article
On the Self-Mobility of Point-Symmetric Hexapods
by Georg Nawratil
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 954-974; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040954 - 18 Nov 2014
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5598
Abstract
In this article, we study necessary and sufficient conditions for the self-mobility of point symmetric hexapods (PSHs). Specifically, we investigate orthogonal PSHs and equiform PSHs. For the latter ones, we can show that they can have non-translational self-motions only if they are architecturally [...] Read more.
In this article, we study necessary and sufficient conditions for the self-mobility of point symmetric hexapods (PSHs). Specifically, we investigate orthogonal PSHs and equiform PSHs. For the latter ones, we can show that they can have non-translational self-motions only if they are architecturally singular or congruent. In the case of congruency, we are even able to classify all types of existing self-motions. Finally, we determine a new set of PSHs, which have so-called generalized Dietmaier self-motions. We close the paper with some comments on the self-mobility of hexapods with global/local symmetries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rigidity and Symmetry)
Show Figures

786 KiB  
Article
Design of a Secure System Considering Quality of Service
by Seondong Heo, Soojin Lee, Seokjoo Doo and Hyunsoo Yoon
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 938-953; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040938 - 13 Nov 2014
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4556
Abstract
Improvements in networking technologies have provided users with useful information services. Such information services may bring convenience and efficiency, but might be accompanied by vulnerabilities to a variety of attacks. Therefore, a variety of research to enhance the security of the systems and [...] Read more.
Improvements in networking technologies have provided users with useful information services. Such information services may bring convenience and efficiency, but might be accompanied by vulnerabilities to a variety of attacks. Therefore, a variety of research to enhance the security of the systems and get the services at the same time has been carried out. Especially, research on intrusion-tolerant systems (ITSs) has been conducted in order to survive against every intrusion, rather than to detect and prevent them. In this paper, an ITS based on effective resource conversion (ERC) is presented to achieve the goal of intrusion-tolerance. Instead of using the fixed number of virtual machines (VMs) to process requests and recover as in conventional approaches, the ITS based on ERC can transform the assigned resources depending on the system status. This scheme is proved to maintain a certain level of quality of service (QoS) and quality of security service (QoSS) in threatening environments. The performance of ERC is compared with previous studies on ITS by CSIM 20, and it is verified that the proposed scheme is more effective in retaining a specific level of QoS and QoSS. Full article
Show Figures

13062 KiB  
Article
Keyframe Extraction from Human Motion Capture Data Based on a Multiple Population Genetic Algorithm
by Qiang Zhang, Shulu Zhang and Dongsheng Zhou
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 926-937; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040926 - 12 Nov 2014
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7469
Abstract
To reduce reconstruction errors during keyframe extraction and to control the optimal compression ratio, this study proposes a method for keyframe extraction from human motion capture data based on a multiple population genetic algorithm. The fitness function is defined to meet the goals [...] Read more.
To reduce reconstruction errors during keyframe extraction and to control the optimal compression ratio, this study proposes a method for keyframe extraction from human motion capture data based on a multiple population genetic algorithm. The fitness function is defined to meet the goals of minimal reconstruction errors and the optimal compression rate, where multiple initial populations are subjected to co-evolution. The multiple population genetic algorithm considers global and local search. Experimental results showed that the algorithm can effectively extract the keyframe from motion capture data and it satisfied the desired reconstruction error. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

479 KiB  
Article
Determining Amino Acid Chirality in the Supernova Neutrino Processing Model
by Michael Famiano, Richard Boyd, Toshitaka Kajino, Takashi Onaka, Katrina Koehler and Sarah Hulbert
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 909-925; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040909 - 03 Nov 2014
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6145
Abstract
A model is described that can be used to estimate the bulk polarization of largerotating meteoroids in the magnetic field of a neutron star. The results of this model areapplicable to the Supernova Neutrino Amino Acid Processing model, which describes onepossible way in [...] Read more.
A model is described that can be used to estimate the bulk polarization of largerotating meteoroids in the magnetic field of a neutron star. The results of this model areapplicable to the Supernova Neutrino Amino Acid Processing model, which describes onepossible way in which the amino acids, known in nearly all cases to exhibit supramolecularchirality, could have become enantiomeric. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Chirality)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1227 KiB  
Article
Dynamical Response of Particles in Asymmetric Ratchet Potential
by Usman A. Marte, Uchechukwu E. Vincent, Abdulahi N. Njah and Biodun S. Badmus
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 896-908; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040896 - 27 Oct 2014
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4764
Abstract
The dynamics and response of particles in an asymmetric potential of the ratchet type is considered. An approximate asymmetric ratchet potential, which allows us to apply an analytical approach to investigate the systems’ response, is proposed based on the power series interpolation scheme. [...] Read more.
The dynamics and response of particles in an asymmetric potential of the ratchet type is considered. An approximate asymmetric ratchet potential, which allows us to apply an analytical approach to investigate the systems’ response, is proposed based on the power series interpolation scheme. The method of multiple scales (MMS) is then employed to obtain an approximate solution at the principal resonance. Comparison between results obtained from the approximated and exact potentials show excellent agreement. The frequency response curves (FRCs) for different forcing are presented. The numerically computed FRCs were compared with the theoretical result to show the extent of agreement. Furthermore, by using perturbation methods, the stable and unstable domains of the solution were obtained. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

1117 KiB  
Review
Supramolecular Chirality in Dynamic Coordination Chemistry
by Hiroyuki Miyake
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 880-895; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040880 - 24 Oct 2014
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8250
Abstract
Labile metal complexes have a useful coordination bond; which is weaker than a covalent C–C bond and is reversibly and dynamically formed and dissociated. Such labile metal complexes also can be used to construct chiral shapes and offer dynamic conversion of chiral molecular [...] Read more.
Labile metal complexes have a useful coordination bond; which is weaker than a covalent C–C bond and is reversibly and dynamically formed and dissociated. Such labile metal complexes also can be used to construct chiral shapes and offer dynamic conversion of chiral molecular shapes in response to external stimuli. This review provides recent examples of chirality induction and describes the dynamic conversion systems produced by chiral metal complexes including labile metal centers, most of which respond to external stimuli by exhibiting sophisticated conversion phenomena. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Chirality)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

4496 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Microscopic Approaches to Nuclear Matter and Symmetry Energy
by Francesca Sammarruca
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 851-879; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040851 - 20 Oct 2014
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5371
Abstract
Nuclear matter is a convenient theoretical laboratory to test many-body theories. When neutron and proton densities are different, the isospin dependence of the nuclear force gives rise to the symmetry energy term in the equation of state. This quantity is a crucial mechanism [...] Read more.
Nuclear matter is a convenient theoretical laboratory to test many-body theories. When neutron and proton densities are different, the isospin dependence of the nuclear force gives rise to the symmetry energy term in the equation of state. This quantity is a crucial mechanism in the formation of the neutron skin in nuclei, as well as in other systems and phenomena involved in the dynamics of neutrons and protons in neutron-rich systems, such as isospin-asymmetric heavy-ion collisions. In this article, we will review phenomenological facts about the symmetry energy and recent experimental efforts to constrain its density dependence and related quantities. We will then review our microscopic approach to the equation of state of symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter and present a corresponding set of predictions. Our calculations utilize the Dirac–Brueckner–Hartree–Fock method and realistic meson-theoretic nucleon-nucleon potentials. Chiral perturbation theory is an alternative approach, based on a well-defined scheme, which allows one to develop nuclear forces at each order of the chiral expansion. We will present and discuss predictions based on chiral perturbation theory, where we employ consistent two- and three-body chiral interactions. Throughout the article, one of the focal points is the importance of pursuing ab initio methods towards a deeper understanding of the many-body system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nuclear Symmetry Energy)
Show Figures

466 KiB  
Article
Polar Vector Property of the Stationary State of Condensed Molecular Matter
by Jürg Hulliger, Luigi Cannavacciuolo and Mathias Rech
Symmetry 2014, 6(4), 844-850; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym6040844 - 13 Oct 2014
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5227
Abstract
Crystalline phases undergoing 180\(^{\circ}\) orientational disorder of dipolar entities in the seed or at growing (hkl) faces will show a polar vector property described by \(\infty\) /mm symmetry. Seeds and crystals develop a bi-polar state (\(\infty\)/mm), where domains related by a mirror plane [...] Read more.
Crystalline phases undergoing 180\(^{\circ}\) orientational disorder of dipolar entities in the seed or at growing (hkl) faces will show a polar vector property described by \(\infty\) /mm symmetry. Seeds and crystals develop a bi-polar state (\(\infty\)/mm), where domains related by a mirror plane m allow for a \(\infty\) m symmetry in each domain. The polarity of domains is due to energetic favorable interactions at the object-to-nutrient interface. Such interactions are well reproduced by an Ising Hamiltonian. Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations performed for real molecules with full long-range interactions allow us to calculate the spatial distribution of the electrical polarization Pel. The investigation has been extended to liquid droplets made of dipolar entities by molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate the development of an m\(\bar{\infty}\) quasi bi-polar state leading to a charged surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Symmetry and Structure)
Show Figures

Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop