Catalysts 2016, 6(1), 1; doi:10.3390/catal6010001
Catalytic Conversion of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Hf(OTf)4 Lewis Acid in Water
1
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830011, China
2
Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
3
Xinjiang Quality of Products Supervision & Inspection Institute of Technology, Urumqi 830011, China
4
Xinjiang Products Supervision & Inspection Institute of Technology, Urumqi 830011, China
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Rafael Luque
Received: 6 November 2015 / Revised: 13 December 2015 / Accepted: 14 December 2015 / Published: 23 December 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Conversion of Biomass)
Abstract
A series of Lewis acidic metal salts were used for glucose dehydration to 5-hydroymethylfurfural (HMF) in water. Effect of valence state, ionic radii of Lewis acidic cation, and the type of anions on the catalytic performance have been studied systematically. The experimental results showed that the valence state played an important role in determining catalytic activity and selectivity. It was found that a higher glucose conversion rate and HMF selectivity could be obtained over high valent Lewis acid salts, where the ionic radii of these Lewis acidic metal salts are usually relatively small. Analysis on the effect of the anions of Lewis acid salts on the catalytic activity and the selectivity suggested that a higher glucose conversion and HMF selectivity could be readily obtained with Cl−. Furthermore, the recyclability of high valence state Lewis acid salt was also studied, however, inferior catalytic performance was observed. The deactivation mechanism was speculated to be the fact that high valence state Lewis acid salt was comparatively easier to undergo hydrolysis to yield complicated metal aqua ions with less catalytic activity. The Lewis acidic activity could be recovered by introducing a stoichiometric amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the catalytic before the reaction. View Full-TextKeywords:
glucose; HMF; Lewis acids; dehydration
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (CC BY 4.0).
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Li, J.; Ma, Y.; Wang, L.; Song, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, T.; Li, H.; Eli, W. Catalytic Conversion of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Hf(OTf)4 Lewis Acid in Water. Catalysts 2016, 6, 1.
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