Toxins 2010, 2(8), 2028-2054; doi:10.3390/toxins2082028
Review

Bacterial Heat-Stable Enterotoxins: Translation of Pathogenic Peptides into Novel Targeted Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Jieru E. Lin 1,† email, Michael Valentino 1,† email, Glen Marszalowicz 2,† email, Michael S. Magee 1,† email, Peng Li 1,† email, Adam E. Snook 1,† email, Brian A. Stoecker 1,† email, Chang Chang 2,3 email and Scott A. Waldman 1,* email
1 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, 132 South 10th Street, 1170 Main, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA 2 School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA † These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 July 2010 / Accepted: 3 August 2010 / Published: 5 August 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enterotoxins)
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Abstract: Heat-stable toxins (STs) produced by enterotoxigenic bacteria cause endemic and traveler’s diarrhea by binding to and activating the intestinal receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C). Advances in understanding the biology of GC-C have extended ST from a diarrheagenic peptide to a novel therapeutic agent. Here, we summarize the physiological and pathophysiological role of GC-C in fluid-electrolyte regulation and intestinal crypt-villus homeostasis, as well as describe translational opportunities offered by STs, reflecting the unique characteristics of GC-C, in treating irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation, and in preventing and treating colorectal cancer.
Keywords: heat-stable enterotoxins (STa); guanylyl cyclase C; guanylin; uroguanylin; colorectal cancer; hormone insufficiency; hormone replacement therapy; tumor vaccine; irritable bowel syndrome; biomarker; targeted delivery

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Lin, J.E.; Valentino, M.; Marszalowicz, G.; Magee, M.S.; Li, P.; Snook, A.E.; Stoecker, B.A.; Chang, C.; Waldman, S.A. Bacterial Heat-Stable Enterotoxins: Translation of Pathogenic Peptides into Novel Targeted Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Toxins 2010, 2, 2028-2054.

AMA Style

Lin JE, Valentino M, Marszalowicz G, Magee MS, Li P, Snook AE, Stoecker BA, Chang C, Waldman SA. Bacterial Heat-Stable Enterotoxins: Translation of Pathogenic Peptides into Novel Targeted Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Toxins. 2010; 2(8):2028-2054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lin, Jieru E.; Valentino, Michael; Marszalowicz, Glen; Magee, Michael S.; Li, Peng; Snook, Adam E.; Stoecker, Brian A.; Chang, Chang; Waldman, Scott A. 2010. "Bacterial Heat-Stable Enterotoxins: Translation of Pathogenic Peptides into Novel Targeted Diagnostics and Therapeutics." Toxins 2, no. 8: 2028-2054.

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