Changes in Consumer Attitudes toward Broad-Based and Environment-Specific Sodium Policies—SummerStyles 2012 and 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.1.1. Consumer Agreement with or Support for Broad-Based Actions to Limit Sodium in Foods
2.1.2. Demographic and Health Characteristics
2.1.3. Consumer Desire to Eat Less Sodium
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample N (Weighted %) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Questionnaire and answers | Total | Year 2012 | Year 2015 | p-Value |
Total Sample N | 7845 | 3926 | 3919 | |
Age (years) | ||||
18–30 | 1187 (22.8) | 616 (22.9) | 571 (22.6) | |
31–50 | 2773 (34.2) | 1471 (35.2) | 1302 (33.1) | |
≥51 | 3885 (43.1) | 1839 (41.9) | 2046 (44.3) | 0.18 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 3674 (48.8) | 1843 (49.0) | 1831 (48.6) | |
Female | 4171 (51.2) | 2083 (51.0) | 2088 (51.4) | 0.77 |
Race | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 5886 (67.0) | 2939 (67.6) | 2947 (66.3) | |
Black, non-Hispanic | 738 (11.2) | 374 (11.3) | 364 (11.0) | |
Hispanic | 808 (14.5) | 390 (14.0) | 418 (14.9) | |
Other, non-Hispanic | 413 (7.4) | 223 (7.1) | 190 (7.7) | 0.71 |
Household income | ||||
<$15,000 | 698 (9.1) | 317 (9.4) | 381 (8.8) | |
$15,000–$24,999 | 626 (9.1) | 308 (9.2) | 318 (9.0) | |
$25,000–$39,999 | 1230 (14.0) | 562 (14.4) | 668 (13.7) | |
$40,000–$59,999 | 1366 (16.7) | 670 (16.8) | 696 (16.7) | |
≥60,000 | 3925 (51.1) | 2069 (50.3) | 1856 (51.8) | 0.85 |
Education level | ||||
HS graduate or less | 2691 (41.9) | 1241 (42.0) | 1450 (41.8) | |
Some college | 2446 (28.9) | 1264 (29.2) | 1182 (28.5) | |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 2708 (29.2) | 1421 (28.8) | 1287 (29.7) | 0.76 |
Region | ||||
Northeast | 1415 (18.0) | 718 (17.7) | 697 (18.4) | |
Midwest | 1984 (21.7) | 992 (22.1) | 992 (21.4) | |
South | 2712 (36.8) | 1340 (36.8) | 1372 (36.8) | |
West | 1734 (23.4) | 876 (23.4) | 858 (23.4) | 0.86 |
Body mass index (BMI) | ||||
<25 | 2774 (37.9) | 1433 (38.7) | 1341 (37.1) | |
25–30 | 2644 (32.2) | 1324 (32.5) | 1320 (32.0) | |
≥30 | 2427 (29.9) | 1169 (28.8) | 1258 (30.9) | 0.26 |
Hypertension Status | ||||
Yes | 2162 (25.9) | 1097 (27.1) | 1065 (24.8) | |
No | 5683 (74.1) | 2829 (72.9) | 2854 (75.2) | 0.06 |
Want to eat a diet low in sodium | ||||
Yes | 4550 (57.9) | 2240 (57.3) | 2310 (58.4) | |
Neutral | 2217 (28.2) | 1075 (26.9) | 1142 (29.6) | |
No | 1078 (13.9) | 611 (15.8) | 467 (12.0) | 0.0004 |
Agree to Limit Sodium in Restaurant Food | Agree to Limit Sodium in Manufactured Food | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Questionnaire and Answers | Year 2012 | Year 2015 | p-Value | Year 2012 | Year 2015 | p-Value |
Total | 45.7 (43.6–47.9) | 45.9 (44.0–47.7) | 0.94 | 56.5 (54.4–58.6) | 56.5 (54.7–58.3) | 0.99 |
Age (years) | ||||||
18–30 | 47.1 (42.1–52.2) | 44.3 (39.8–48.8) | 0.41 | 55.9 (50.9–60.9) | 55.2 (50.7–59.7) | 0.84 |
31–50 | 41.2 (37.6–44.7) | 43.0 (39.8–46.3) | 0.45 | 52.7 (49.2–56.3) | 50.7 (47.4–53.9) | 0.40 |
≥51 | 48.8 (45.8–51.9) | 48.8 (46.3–51.2) | 0.97 | 59.9 (56.9–62.9) | 61.5 (59.1–63.8) | 0.42 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 43.9 (40.8–47.0) | 43.6 (40.9–46.2) | 0.86 | 55.0 (51.9–58.1) | 54.1 (51.4–56.8) | 0.66 |
Female | 47.5 (44.5–50.4) | 48.0 (45.5–50.5) | 0.78 | 57.9 (55.0–60.8) | 58.7 (56.3–61.2) | 0.65 |
Race | ||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 43.0 (40.6–45.4) | 41.8 (39.8–43.9) | 0.46 | 54.7 (52.3–57.1) | 52.9 (50.9–55.0) | 0.27 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 57.3 (50.4–64.2) | 58.8 (53.1–64.5) | 0.74 | 67.2 (60.5–74.0) | 68.9 (63.6–74.2) | 0.71 |
Hispanic | 46.4 (39.8–53.0) | 53.7 (48.2–59.1) | 0.10 | 52.6 (46.0–59.2) | 61.1 (55.7–66.4) | 0.051 |
Other, non-Hispanic | 52.0 (42.6–61.4) | 46.5 (38.2–54.9) | 0.40 | 63.8 (54.9–72.8) | 60.3 (52.1–68.5) | 0.57 |
Household income | ||||||
<$15,000 | 55.6 (47.9–63.4) | 46.7 (40.7–52.6) | 0.07 | 66.3 (59.0–73.6) | 56.4 (50.5–62.3) | 0.04 |
$15,000–$24,999 | 45.8 (38.3–53.2) | 51.4 (44.9–57.9) | 0.27 | 53.6 (46.2–61.1) | 58.0 (51.5–64.4) | 0.39 |
$25,000–$39,999 | 50.8 (45.1–56.4) | 46.9 (42.5–51.4) | 0.36 | 64.0 (58.6–69.4) | 60.2 (55.9–64.5) | 0.28 |
$40,000–$59,999 | 45.4 (40.2–50.5) | 49.2 (44.8–53.6) | 0.26 | 55.1 (50.0–60.3) | 60.2 (55.9–64.4) | 0.14 |
≥60,000 | 42.6 (39.7–45.5) | 43.4 (40.8–46.0) | 0.69 | 53.4 (50.5–56.4) | 54.1 (51.4–56.7) | 0.76 |
Education level | ||||||
HS graduate or less | 49.5 (45.9–53.2) | 46.6 (43.6–49.6) | 0.23 | 58.5 (54.9–62.1) | 56.2 (53.3–59.2) | 0.34 |
Some college | 44.3 (40.6–47.9) | 47.6 (44.3–51.0) | 0.18 | 54.6 (51.0–58.2) | 58.3 (55.0–61.6) | 0.14 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 41.7 (38.1–45.3) | 43.0 (39.9–46.2) | 0.59 | 55.4 (51.8–59.1) | 55.1 (51.9–58.3) | 0.89 |
Region | ||||||
Northeast | 52.0 (47.0–56.9) | 48.6 (44.3–52.9) | 0.32 | 60.3 (55.5–65.1) | 59.6 (55.4–63.9) | 0.84 |
Midwest | 41.7 (37.5–46.0) | 46.3 (42.6–49.9) | 0.11 | 54.2 (49.9–58.5) | 56.1 (52.4–59.7) | 0.51 |
South | 45.9 (42.3–49.4) | 45.8 (42.7–48.9) | 0.97 | 57.3 (53.8–60.8) | 56.9 (53.8–59.9) | 0.84 |
West | 44.6 (40.0–49.3) | 43.4 (39.5–47.3) | 0.69 | 54.4 (49.8–59.0) | 53.8 (49.9–57.8) | 0.85 |
BMI | ||||||
<25 | 44.6 (41.2–48.1) | 45.9 (42.8–49.0) | 0.60 | 55.1 (51.6–58.6) | 55.7 (52.6–58.8) | 0.79 |
25–30 | 44.1 (40.4–47.8) | 45.2 (42.0–48.3) | 0.67 | 55.5 (51.9–59.2) | 55.8 (52.7–58.9) | 0.91 |
≥30 | 49.1 (45.1–53.0) | 46.5 (43.3–49.8) | 0.33 | 59.4 (55.5–63.2) | 58.1 (54.9–61.3) | 0.61 |
Hypertension Status | ||||||
Yes | 53.3 (49.2–57.3) | 51.7 (48.3–55.2) | 0.57 | 64.2 (60.3–68.1) | 63.1 (59.8–66.4) | 0.68 |
No | 42.9 (40.4–45.4) | 43.9 (41.8–46.1) | 0.56 | 53.6 (51.1–56.1) | 54.3 (52.2–56.5) | 0.68 |
Want to eat a diet low in sodium | ||||||
Yes | 60.3 (57.6–63.1) | 59.9 (57.6–62.3) | 0.84 | 70.9 (68.3–73.4) | 71.7 (69.6–73.8) | 0.63 |
Neutral | 28.4 (24.7–32.2) | 27.0 (23.9–30.0) | 0.55 | 40.9 (36.9–44.9) | 35.7 (32.4–38.9) | 0.05 |
No | 22.4 (17.8–27.0) | 23.9 (19.3–28.4) | 0.65 | 30.8 (25.9–35.7) | 33.7 (28.7–38.6) | 0.43 |
School Cafeterias | Workplace Cafeterias | Quick-Serve Restaurants | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Questionnaire and Answers | Year 2012 | Year 2015 | p-value | Year 2012 | Year 2015 | p-Value | Year 2012 | Year 2015 | p-Value |
Total | 80.0 (78.3–81.8) | 84.9 (83.5–86.2) | <0.0001 | 71.2 (69.3–73.1) | 76.6 (75.1–78.2) | <0.0001 | 70.8 (68.9–72.7) | 76.7 (75.2–78.3) | <0.0001 |
Age (years) | |||||||||
18–30 | 79.0 (74.9–83.1) | 81.2 (77.6–84.8) | 0.42 | 68.1 (63.3–72.8) | 73.8 (69.8–77.7) | 0.07 | 67.6 (62.8–72.4) | 73.5 (69.5–77.5) | 0.06 |
31–50 | 79.6 (76.7–82.6) | 84.0 (81.6–86.4) | 0.03 | 70.0 (66.8–73.2) | 74.4 (71.5–77.2) | 0.045 | 68.7 (65.4–71.9) | 73.6 (70.7–76.4) | 0.03 |
≥51 | 81.0 (78.6–83.3) | 87.4 (85.8–89.0) | <0.001 | 73.9 (71.3–76.5) | 79.8 (77.8–81.7) | 0.0004 | 74.3 (71.7–76.9) | 80.7 (78.8–82.7) | <0.0001 |
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 77.5 (75.0–80.1) | 83.0 (80.9–85.0) | 0.001 | 67.4 (64.5–70.2) | 73.6 (71.2–75.9) | 0.001 | 66.7 (63.8–69.6) | 73.4 (71.0–75.8) | 0.0005 |
Female | 82.5 (80.2–84.7) | 86.7 (84.9–88.4) | 0.004 | 74.9 (72.4–77.4) | 79.5 (77.5–81.6) | 0.005 | 74.7 (72.2–77.2) | 79.9 (77.9–81.9) | 0.002 |
Race | |||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 78.2 (76.2–80.2) | 83.1 (81.5–84.7) | 0.0002 | 67.5 (65.3–69.8) | 73.9 (72.0–75.7) | <0.0001 | 67.7 (65.5–69.9) | 74.3 (72.5–76.1) | <0.0001 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 89.6 (85.4–93.8) | 90.0 (86.7–93.3) | 0.88 | 83.8 (78.8–88.7) | 85.5 (81.4–89.7) | 0.59 | 82.7 (77.4–87.9) | 86.2 (82.2–90.1) | 0.30 |
Hispanic | 80.6 (75.1–86.1) | 88.5 (84.8–92.1) | 0.02 | 73.5 (67.5–79.5) | 80.3 (75.8–84.7) | 0.08 | 73.0 (67.0–79.0) | 80.0 (75.6–84.5) | 0.07 |
Other, non-Hispanic | 81.5 (74.4–88.6) | 85.7 (79.8–91.5) | 0.38 | 81.4 (74.5–88.3) | 80.7 (74.2–87.1) | 0.88 | 77.1 (69.3–84.9) | 77.7 (70.7–84.7) | 0.91 |
Household income | |||||||||
<$15,000 | 79.8 (73.4–86.1) | 80.1 (75.0–85.3) | 0.93 | 72.7 (65.7–79.7) | 77.0 (71.9–82.1) | 0.33 | 70.2 (62.9–77.4) | 75.0 (69.6–80.3) | 0.30 |
$15,000–$24,999 | 80.4 (74.2–86.5) | 86.3 (81.9–90.8) | 0.13 | 73.9 (67.3–80.6) | 77.9 (72.4–83.5) | 0.37 | 74.8 (68.2–81.4) | 79.5 (74.3–84.8) | 0.28 |
$25,000–$39,999 | 83.7 (79.5–87.9) | 86.0 (82.9–89.1) | 0.40 | 78.0 (73.4–82.6) | 79.3 (75.7–82.9) | 0.65 | 77.7 (73.1–82.4) | 80.7 (77.3–84.1) | 0.31 |
$40,000–$59,999 | 77.3 (72.9–81.6) | 87.5 (84.7–90.4) | 0.0001 | 73.1 (68.7–77.5) | 79.9 (76.5–83.4) | 0.02 | 71.1 (66.5–75.7) | 79.6 (76.0–83.2) | 0.004 |
≥60,000 | 79.9 (77.6–82.2) | 84.3 (82.4–86.2) | 0.004 | 67.8 (65.2–70.5) | 74.6 (72.3–76.9) | 0.0002 | 68.1 (65.4–70.8) | 74.6 (72.3–76.8) | 0.0003 |
Education level | |||||||||
HS graduate or less | 80.2 (77.2–83.1) | 83.0 (80.7–85.3) | 0.14 | 72.9 (69.7–76.2) | 75.6 (72.9–78.2) | 0.21 | 73.8 (70.6–77.1) | 76.7 (74.1–79.3) | 0.17 |
Some college | 79.9 (77.1–82.8) | 86.4 (84.2–88.7) | 0.0005 | 72.6 (69.5–75.7) | 78.7 (76.0–81.4) | 0.004 | 72.5 (69.3–75.7) | 78.1 (75.3–80.9) | 0.009 |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 80.0 (77.0–82.9) | 86.0 (83.8–88.2) | 0.001 | 67.2 (63.9–70.6) | 76.1 (73.5–78.8) | <0.0001 | 64.6 (61.2–68.1) | 75.4 (72.7–78.1) | <0.0001 |
Region | |||||||||
Northeast | 82.5 (78.8–86.2) | 88.6 (85.8–91.4) | 0.01 | 74.3 (70.1–78.5) | 82.4 (79.2–85.7) | 0.003 | 74.1 (69.9–78.4) | 82.5 (79.3–85.7) | 0.002 |
Midwest | 79.6 (76.3–83.0) | 82.8 (80.0–85.6) | 0.15 | 69.4 (65.5–73.3) | 75.1 (72.0–78.2) | 0.02 | 68.5 (64.5–72.4) | 75.4 (72.3–78.5) | 0.007 |
South | 78.4 (75.3–81.4) | 85.0 (82.7–87.2) | 0.0006 | 69.8 (66.5–73.1) | 76.0 (73.3–78.6) | 0.004 | 69.3 (66.0–72.6) | 76.2 (73.6–78.9) | 0.001 |
West | 81.2 (77.7–84.8) | 83.7 (80.7–86.7) | 0.29 | 72.8 (68.7–76.8) | 74.5 (71.0–78.0) | 0.53 | 72.9 (68.8–76.9) | 74.2 (70.6–77.7) | 0.63 |
BMI | |||||||||
<25 | 79.4 (76.5–82.2) | 86.8 (84.6–89.0) | <0.0001 | 70.9 (67.8–74.0) | 78.2 (75.6–80.9) | 0.0004 | 70.3 (67.2–73.5) | 79.0 (76.4–81.5) | <0.0001 |
25–30 | 80.6 (77.8–83.5) | 81.9 (79.4–84.4) | 0.51 | 71.1 (67.8–74.4) | 73.6 (70.8–76.4) | 0.25 | 70.3 (67.0–73.7) | 73.4 (70.6–76.2) | 0.17 |
≥30 | 80.3 (77.1–83.5) | 85.6 (83.4–87.9) | 0.007 | 71.7 (68.2–75.2) | 77.8 (75.1–80.5) | 0.007 | 71.9 (68.4–75.5) | 77.5 (74.7–80.2) | 0.02 |
Hypertension Status | |||||||||
Yes | 85.4 (82.6–88.3) | 87.5 (85.3–89.8) | 0.25 | 78.4 (75.1–81.7) | 79.4 (76.6–82.2) | 0.64 | 78.6 (75.4–81.9) | 80.1 (77.3–82.8) | 0.50 |
No | 78.0 (76.0–80.1) | 84.0 (82.4–85.6) | <0.0001 | 68.5 (66.2–70.8) | 75.7 (73.9–77.6) | <0.0001 | 67.9 (65.6–70.2) | 75.6 (73.8–77.5) | <0.0001 |
Want to eat a diet low in sodium | |||||||||
Yes | 88.8 (87.0–90.6) | 92.6 (91.4–93.9) | 0.0007 | 81.4 (79.3–83.6) | 85.8 (84.2–87.5) | 0.002 | 81.1 (78.9–83.3) | 86.0 (84.4–87.7) | 0.005 |
Neutral | 74.3 (70.8–77.8) | 77.8 (74.9–80.7) | 0.13 | 64.8 (61.0–68.6) | 68.8 (65.6–72.0) | 0.11 | 64.0 (60.1–67.9) | 68.5 (65.3–71.7) | 0.08 |
No | 58.1 (52.8–63.4) | 64.5 (59.4–69.6) | 0.09 | 45.0 (39.6–50.3) | 51.1 (45.8–56.4) | 0.11 | 45.0 (39.6–50.3) | 51.6 (46.3–56.9) | 0.08 |
Selected Characteristics | Agree to Limit Sodium in Restaurant Food | Agree to Limit Sodium in Manufactured Food | Support Policies to Limit Sodium in Foods Prepared in School, Workplace, and Quick-Serve Restaurants | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
School Cafeterias | Workplace Cafeterias | Quick-Serve Restaurants | |||
Survey year | |||||
2012 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
2015 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 1.37 (1.18, 1.61) | 1.30 (1.14, 1.49) | 1.34 (1.17, 1.53) |
Age (years) | |||||
18–30 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.33) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.17) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.79 (0.65, 0.97) |
31–50 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.84 (0.71, 0.98) |
≥51 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Gender | |||||
Male | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Female | 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.46) | 1.34 (1.16, 1.53) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.56) |
Race | |||||
White, non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Black, non-Hispanic | 1.65 (1.33, 2.04) | 1.59 (1.27, 2.00) | 1.88 (1.36, 2.59) | 2.00 (1.52, 2.62) | 1.96 (1.48, 2.60) |
Hispanic | 1.32 (1.08, 1.62) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) | 1.33 (1.01, 1.76) | 1.36 (1.08, 1.72) | 1.32 (1.05, 1.66) |
Other, non-Hispanic | 1.28 (0.97, 1.70) | 1.38 (1.03, 1.84) | 1.07 (0.75, 1.53) | 1.74 (1.24, 2.45) | 1.41 (1.02, 1.94) |
Household income | |||||
<$15,000 | 1.39 (1.10, 1.76) | 1.47 (1.16, 1.88) | 0.89 (0.66, 1.21) | 1.19 (0.91, 1.56) | 0.97 (0.74, 1.26) |
$15,000–$24,999 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.46) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.30) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.49) | 1.23 (0.94, 1.61) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) |
$25,000–$39,999 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.44) | 1.44 (1.19, 1.73) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.62) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.86) | 1.47 (1.19, 1.81) |
$40,000–$59,999 | 1.17 (0.99, 1.40) | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29) | 1.33 (1.09, 1.61) | 1.19 (0.98, 1.44) |
≥60,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Education level | |||||
HS graduate or less | 1.25 (1.07, 1.46) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.34) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.59) |
Some college | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.29) | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.59) |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
BMI | |||||
<25 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
25–30 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.70, 0.98) |
≥30 | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) |
Hypertension Status | |||||
Yes | 1.14 (0.99, 1.32) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.33) | 1.25 (1.03, 1.53) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 1.18 (0.995, 1.40) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Want to eat a diet low in sodium | |||||
Yes | 5.04 (4.13, 6.15) | 5.20 (4.33, 6.24) | 5.91 (4.79, 7.29) | 5.37 (4.45, 6.47) | 5.35 (4.43, 6.45) |
Neutral | 1.27 (1.02, 1.58) | 1.31 (1.07, 1.59) | 2.02 (1.65, 2.48) | 2.20 (1.82, 2.67) | 2.16 (1.78, 2.62) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
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Odom, E.C.; Whittick, C.; Tong, X.; John, K.A.; Cogswell, M.E. Changes in Consumer Attitudes toward Broad-Based and Environment-Specific Sodium Policies—SummerStyles 2012 and 2015. Nutrients 2017, 9, 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080836
Odom EC, Whittick C, Tong X, John KA, Cogswell ME. Changes in Consumer Attitudes toward Broad-Based and Environment-Specific Sodium Policies—SummerStyles 2012 and 2015. Nutrients. 2017; 9(8):836. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080836
Chicago/Turabian StyleOdom, Erika C., Corine Whittick, Xin Tong, Katherine A. John, and Mary E. Cogswell. 2017. "Changes in Consumer Attitudes toward Broad-Based and Environment-Specific Sodium Policies—SummerStyles 2012 and 2015" Nutrients 9, no. 8: 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080836