Electricity Recovery from Municipal Sewage Wastewater Using a Hydrogel Complex Composed of Microbially Reduced Graphene Oxide and Sludge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. GO Reduction in Anaerobic Sludge
2.2. Electrochemical Cultivation of the rGO-Sludge Complex
2.3. Biomass Analysis of the rGO and GF Complexes
2.4. Electrochemical Comparison of the rGO and GF Complexes
2.5. Comparison of Microbial Communities in the rGO and GF Complexes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Preparation of rGO and GF Complexes with Anaerobic Sludge
4.2. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analyses
4.3. Direct Cell Counting and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Analyses
4.4. Electrochemical Cultivation
4.5. Electrochemical Analysis
4.6. Microbial Composition Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Densities | Before Polarization | After 23 Days of Polarization |
---|---|---|
rGO | ||
complex (108 cells cm−3) | 2.4 ± 0.17 | 8.4 ± 1.4 |
complex (108 cells complex−1) | 46 ± 3.2 | 160 ± 27 |
liquid culture (108 cells mL−1) | 0.40 ± 0.86 | 0.33 ± 0.10 |
liquid culture (108 cells culture−1) | 360 ± 81 | 290 ± 81 |
total (108 cells bottle−1) | 410 ± 75 | 450 ± 57 |
complex (%) | 13 ± 2.8 | 38 ± 12 |
liquid culture (%) | 87 ± 2.8 | 62 ± 12 |
GF | ||
complex (108 cells cm−3) | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 0.63 |
complex (108 cells complex−1) | 56 ± 14 | 87 ± 12 |
liquid culture (108 cells mL−1) | 0.25 ± 0.63 | 0.61 ± 0.10 |
liquid culture (108 cells culture−1) | 220 ± 55 | 550 ± 75 |
total (108 cells bottle−1) | 280 ± 69 | 640 ± 87 |
complex (%) | 20 ± 4.9 | 14 ± 1.7 |
liquid culture (%) | 80 ± 4.9 | 86 ± 0.58 |
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Yoshida, N.; Miyata, Y.; Mugita, A.; Iida, K. Electricity Recovery from Municipal Sewage Wastewater Using a Hydrogel Complex Composed of Microbially Reduced Graphene Oxide and Sludge. Materials 2016, 9, 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9090742
Yoshida N, Miyata Y, Mugita A, Iida K. Electricity Recovery from Municipal Sewage Wastewater Using a Hydrogel Complex Composed of Microbially Reduced Graphene Oxide and Sludge. Materials. 2016; 9(9):742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9090742
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoshida, Naoko, Yasushi Miyata, Ai Mugita, and Kazuki Iida. 2016. "Electricity Recovery from Municipal Sewage Wastewater Using a Hydrogel Complex Composed of Microbially Reduced Graphene Oxide and Sludge" Materials 9, no. 9: 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9090742