Targeted Delivery of Protein Drugs by Nanocarriers
Abstract
:1. Introduction................................................................................................ | 1929 |
2. Challenges and limitations for the delivery of protein drugs................. | 1930 |
3. Nanocarriers............................................................................................... | 1931 |
3.1. Liposomes........................................................................................... | 1933 |
3.2. Virosomes........................................................................................... | 1936 |
3.3. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles.................................................................. | 1937 |
3.4. Polymeric Nanoparticles................................................................... | 1940 |
3.5. Protein Conjugates............................................................................. | 1948 |
4. Targeting strategies and applications....................................................... | 1950 |
4.1. Topical Application............................................................................ | 1950 |
4.2. Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect.................................. | 1951 |
4.3. Physical Targeting.............................................................................. | 1953 |
4.4. Molecular Targeting........................................................................... | 1956 |
5. Concluding remarks.................................................................................. | 1961 |
Acknowledgements....................................................................................... | 1962 |
References..................................................................................................... | 1962 |
1. Introduction
2. Challenges and Limitations for the Delivery of Protein Drugs
3. Nanocarriers
- ■
- The ability to encapsulate the drug without deactivating it;
- ■
- The possibility for releasing the drug under proper conditions and according to proper kinetics;
- ■
- A high stability and long circulation time after administration;
- ■
- The capability to actively or passively deliver the drug to a target area.
3.1. Liposomes
3.2. Virosomes
3.3. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Peptide/ Protein | Method of preparation | References |
---|---|---|
BSA | Adsorption onto SLN | [123] |
Calcitonin | Solvent evaporation (w/o/w) | [124] |
CyA | HPH hot dispersion | [96] |
CyA | HPH cold dispersion | [125] |
CyA | Warm microemulsion (o/w) | [126] |
Gonadorelin | Solvent displacement | [55] |
HSA | Adsorption onto SLN | [127] |
Insulin | Solvent evaporation (w/o/w) | [128] |
Insulin | Warm microemulsion | [129] |
Insulin | Solvent displacement | [129] |
Insulin | Supercritical CO2 (PGSS) | [130] |
[D-Trp-6] LHRH | Warm microemulsion (w/o/w) | [131] |
Lysozyme | HPH cold dispersion | [120] |
Ovalbumin | Melt-dispersion (o/w) | [132] |
Thymopentin | Warm microemulsion | [133] |
3.4. Polymeric Nanoparticles
Material | Full name | Abbreviation or Commercial name* |
---|---|---|
Synthetic homopolymers | Polylactide | PLA |
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) | PLGA | |
Poly(ε-caprolactone) | PCL | |
Poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) | PICBA | |
Poly(isohexylcyanoacrylate) | PIHCA | |
Poly(n-butylcyanoacrylate) | PBCA | |
Polyacrylates and polymethacrylates | Eudragit* | |
Natural polymers | Chitosan | |
Alginate | ||
Gelatin | ||
Albumin | ||
Copolymers | Polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) | PLA-PEG |
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol) | PLGA-PEG | |
Poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol) | PCL-PEG | |
Poly(hexadecylcyanoacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) cyanoacrylate) | Poly(HDCA-PEGCA) | |
Colloid stabilizers | Dextran | |
Pluronic F68 | F68 | |
Poly(vinyl alcohol) | PVA | |
Copolymers (see above) | ||
Tween® 20 or Tween® 80 |
Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
By using a colloidal mill | Production of well characterized emulsions, uniform size. Easy to scale-up | High energy for the emulsification process |
Emulsification–solvent evaporation | Possibility to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs | Possible coalescence of the nanodroplets during the evaporation process |
Emulsification–solvent diffusion | Control of nanoparticle size. Easy to scale-up | High volumes of water to be eliminated Leakage of water-soluble drug into the saturated-aqueous external phase |
Emulsification–reverse salting-out | Minimal stress to fragile drugs. High loading efficiency. Easy to scale-up | Possible incompatibility between the salts and drugs. Purification needed to remove electrolytes |
By gelation of emulsion droplets | Possibility to use natural macromolecules, hydrophilic and biocompatible | Limited to the encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs |
Polymerization of alkyl cyanoacrylates | Easy method to obtain core-shell tuned nanoparticles. Control of nanoparticle size sby using surfactant | Possible reaction between the drug and CeVI in the case of radical emulsion polymerization. Purification needed |
Interfacial polycondensation | Low concentrations of surfactants. Modulation of the nanocapsule thickness by varying the monomer concentration | Limited to the encapsulation of lipophilic drugs Purification needed |
Nanoprecipitation of a polymer | Simple, fast and reproducible. Low concentrations of surfactants. Easy to scale-up | Low polymer concentration in the organic phase |
Formation of polyelectrolyte complexes | Easy to achieve. According to the nature of the polyelectrolyte used in excess, either positively or negatively charged nanoparticles can be synthesized | Necessity to optimize the ratio between negatively and positively charged molecules |
Formation of nanoparticles from neutral nanogels | Organic solvent free method. Controlled drug release | Not yet applicable to hydrophilic drugs |
Methods based on ionic gelation | Organic solvent free method. Possibility to control drug release encapsulated in the nanoparticles upon the action of a pH or an ion concentration variation stimulus | Possible particle disintegration due to the weakness of the ionic interactions |
3.5. Protein Conjugates
4. Targeting Strategies and Applications
4.1. Topical Application
4.2. Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect
4.3. Physical Targeting
4.4. Molecular Targeting
5. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
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Solaro, R.; Chiellini, F.; Battisti, A. Targeted Delivery of Protein Drugs by Nanocarriers. Materials 2010, 3, 1928-1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3031928
Solaro R, Chiellini F, Battisti A. Targeted Delivery of Protein Drugs by Nanocarriers. Materials. 2010; 3(3):1928-1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3031928
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolaro, Roberto, Federica Chiellini, and Antonella Battisti. 2010. "Targeted Delivery of Protein Drugs by Nanocarriers" Materials 3, no. 3: 1928-1980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3031928