Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9(8), 2839-2850; doi:10.3390/ijerph9082839
Article

Effects of Smoking and Genotype on the PSR Index of Periodontal Disease in Adults Aged 18–49

Deborah E. Polk 1,2,* email, Xiaojing Wang 3,4 email, Eleanor Feingold 5,6 email, John R. Shaffer 5 email, Daniel E. Weeks 5,6 email, Robert J. Weyant 1 email, Richard J. Crout 7 email, Daniel W. McNeil 8 email and Mary L. Marazita 3,4,5,9 email
1 Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 2 Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 3 Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA 4 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 5 Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 6 Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA 7 Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA 8 Departments of Psychology and Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA 9 Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 3 July 2012; in revised form: 27 July 2012 / Accepted: 30 July 2012 / Published: 10 August 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Environmental Determinants of Oral Health)
PDF Full-text Download PDF Full-Text [125 KB, uploaded 10 August 2012 09:05 CEST]
Abstract: Studies have found both genetic and environmental influences on chronic periodontitis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among previously identified genetic variants, smoking status, and two periodontal disease-related phenotypes (PSR1 and PSR2) in 625 Caucasian adults (aged 18–49 years). The PSR Index was used to classify participants as affected or unaffected under the PSR1 and PSR2 phenotype definitions. Using logistic regression, we found that the form of the relationship varied by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP): For rs10457525 and rs12630931, the effects of smoking and genotype on risk were additive; whereas for rs10457526 and rs733048, smoking was not independently associated with affected status once genotype was taken into consideration. In contrast, smoking moderated the relationships of rs3870371 and rs733048 with affected status such that former and never smokers with select genotypes were at increased genetic risk. Thus, for several groups, knowledge of genotype may refine the risk prediction over that which can be determined by knowledge of smoking status alone. Future studies should replicate these findings. These findings provide the foundation for the exploration of novel pathways by which periodontitis may occur.
Keywords: adult; chronic periodontitis; genetics; genomics; smoking

Article Statistics

Click here to load and display the download statistics.

Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Polk, D.E.; Wang, X.; Feingold, E.; Shaffer, J.R.; Weeks, D.E.; Weyant, R.J.; Crout, R.J.; McNeil, D.W.; Marazita, M.L. Effects of Smoking and Genotype on the PSR Index of Periodontal Disease in Adults Aged 18–49. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 2839-2850.

AMA Style

Polk DE, Wang X, Feingold E, Shaffer JR, Weeks DE, Weyant RJ, Crout RJ, McNeil DW, Marazita ML. Effects of Smoking and Genotype on the PSR Index of Periodontal Disease in Adults Aged 18–49. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(8):2839-2850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Polk, Deborah E.; Wang, Xiaojing; Feingold, Eleanor; Shaffer, John R.; Weeks, Daniel E.; Weyant, Robert J.; Crout, Richard J.; McNeil, Daniel W.; Marazita, Mary L. 2012. "Effects of Smoking and Genotype on the PSR Index of Periodontal Disease in Adults Aged 18–49." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 9, no. 8: 2839-2850.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health EISSN 1660-4601 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert