Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality for Agricultural Lands with Crop Rotation in China by Using a HYPE Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. HYPE Model
2.2. Study Area and Data
2.3. Model Setup and Parameter Calibration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Parameter Calibration and Validation
3.2. Hydrological Simulation
3.3. TN and TP Simulations
3.3.1. TN and TP Concentrations and Daily Load Simulations
3.3.2. Monthly Yields of TN and TP Load Simulations
3.3.3. Annual Yields of TN and TP Load Simulations in Each Sub-Basin
3.4. Future Work
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Crop Rotation | Crops | Date | Simplified Operation | Elemental Fertilizer (kg·ha−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rotation 1 | Winter wheat | 7 October | Fertilization N:P | 300:120 |
8 October | Soil tillage | |||
8 October | Planting | |||
5 March | Fertilization N | 43 | ||
15 May | Harvest | |||
Maize | 15 June | Soil tillage | ||
17 June | Fertilization N:P | 300:120 | ||
17 June | Planting | |||
2 August | Fertilization N | 84 | ||
18 September | Harvest | |||
Rotation 2 | Winter wheat | 7 October | Fertilization N:P | 300:120 |
8 October | Soil tillage | |||
8 October | Planting | |||
5 March | Fertilization N | 43 | ||
15 May | Harvest | |||
Peanuts | 2 June | Soil tillage | ||
4 June | Planting | |||
4 June | Fertilization N:P | 90:90 | ||
15 September | Harvest |
Category | Miaowan | Dingwan | Shakou | Bantai |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean TN concentrations (mg/L) | - | 3.79 | 2.89 | 2.96 |
Mean TP concentrations (mg/L) | - | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.28 |
Mean discharge (m3/s) | 15.87 | 23.24 | 42.48 | 74.34 |
Data Type | Data Description/Properties | Resolution | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Geographical data | Elevation | 30 m | Chinese National Geomatics Center |
Stream network | - | ||
Land use | 25 m | ||
Soil type | 25 m | ||
Meteorological data | Daily precipitation | 45 stations | Chinese Meteorological Administration |
Air temperature | 1 station (Zhumadian) | Chinese Ministry of Water Resources | |
Agricultural practices | Manure and fertilizer, timing and amount for fertilization, sowing, and harvesting | - | Field survey (117 farmers) |
Soil nitrogen content | Initial nitrogen storage | - | Literature review [37,38] |
Sewage treatment plants | Water flow and TN and TP concentrations | - | Operating reports of sewage treatment plants |
Parameter | Physical Meaning | Initial Value | Initial Range | Relative Composite Sensitivity | Optimized Value | 95% Confidence Limits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cevp | ||||||
Forest | Potential evapotranspiration rate ( mm·day−1·°C−1) | 0.16 | 0.01–1 | 0.0014 | 0.17 | 0.141–0.195 |
Plain dry land | 0.097 | 0.001–1 | 0.0075 | 0.0975 | 0.0967–0.0976 | |
rrcs1 | ||||||
Luvisols | Soil runoff coefficient for the uppermost soil layer (day−1) | 0.4 | 0.01–1 | 0.0004 | 0.3 | 0.337–0.512 |
Leptosols-lithic | 0.18 | 0.01–1 | 0.0005 | 0.15 | 0.135–0.19 | |
wcep | ||||||
Luvisols | Effective porosity as a fraction | 0.11 | 0.01–1 | 0.0009 | 0.113 | 0.108-0.124 |
Cambisols | 0.0005 | 1 × 10−5–1 | 0.0087 | 0.000544 | 4.93 × 10−4–5.56 × 10−4 | |
Gleysols | 0.0002 | 1 × 10−5–1 | 0.010 | 0.00045 | 0.0001–5.2 × 10−4 | |
rivvel | celerity of flood in watercourse (m·s−1) | 1.202 | 0.1–10 | 0.0083 | 1.149 | 1.135–1.157 |
cevpcorr | Correction factor for evapotranspiration | 0.1 | 0.01–1 | 0.0009 | 0.12 | 0.08–0.157 |
rivvel2 | parameter for calculation of velocity of the water in the watercourse | 0.94 | 0.01–1 | 0.0005 | 0.104 | 0.713–1.294 |
sedon | sedimentation rate of ON in lakes (m·d−1) | 0.002 | 0.0001–1 | 0.0002 | 0.001 | 0.0029–0.0004 |
wprodn | production/decay of N in water (kg·m−3·d−1) | 0.0001 | 1 × 10−5–1 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 8.2 × 10−5–0.0005 |
denitwrm | parameter for denitrification in main watercourse (kg·m−2·d−1) | 0.005 | 1 × 10−4–1 | 0.00014 | 0.0059 | 0.0041–7.4 × 10−4 |
denitrlu | ||||||
plain dry land | parameter for denitrification in soil (d−1) | 0.0228 | 1 × 10−6–1 | 0.0021 | 0.0246 | 0.0235–0.0293 |
sedpp | sedimentation rate of PP in lakes (m·d−1) | 0.017 | 1 × 10−4–1 | 0.0008 | 0.013 | 0.011–0.028 |
wprodp | production/decay of P in water (kg·m−3·d−1; general) | 0.01 | 0.001–1 | 0.0009 | 0.03 | 0.0036–0.040 |
pprelexp | parameter for PP from surface runoff and tile drains | 1.8 | 0.1–10 | 0.0004 | 1.3 | 1.1–3.67 |
Variable | Calibration: 2006–2008 | Validation: 2009–2010 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSE | R2 | PBIAS | RSR | NSE | R2 | PBIAS | RSR | |
Daily discharge | ||||||||
Miaowan | 0.87 | 0.90 | 3.2 | 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 1.8 | 0.42 |
Dingwan | 0.85 | 0.94 | 3.3 | 0.38 | 0.83 | 0.93 | 8.3 | 0.41 |
Shakou | 0.74 | 0.86 | 9.1 | 0.51 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 27.3 | 0.46 |
Bantai | 0.85 | 0.95 | −4.2 | 0.33 | 0.84 | 0.94 | 8.7 | 0.37 |
Daily TN load | ||||||||
Dingwan | 0.78 | 0.94 | −11.5 | 0.54 | 0.85 | 0.92 | −8.1 | 0.39 |
Shakou | 0.51 | 0.81 | −48.6 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.80 | −20.6 | 0.65 |
Bantai | 0.71 | 0.89 | −33.4 | 0.55 | 0.75 | 0.87 | −13.8 | 0.47 |
Daily TP load | ||||||||
Dingwan | 0.69 | 0.76 | −28.5 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.81 | −8.5 | 0.50 |
Shakou | 0.54 | 0.62 | −38.6 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.77 | −12.4 | 0.59 |
Bantai | 0.62 | 0.75 | −29.8 | 0.54 | 0.74 | 0.80 | −19.9 | 0.52 |
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Yin, Y.; Jiang, S.; Pers, C.; Yang, X.; Liu, Q.; Yuan, J.; Yao, M.; He, Y.; Luo, X.; Zheng, Z. Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality for Agricultural Lands with Crop Rotation in China by Using a HYPE Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030336
Yin Y, Jiang S, Pers C, Yang X, Liu Q, Yuan J, Yao M, He Y, Luo X, Zheng Z. Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality for Agricultural Lands with Crop Rotation in China by Using a HYPE Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030336
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Yunxing, Sanyuan Jiang, Charlotta Pers, Xiaoying Yang, Qun Liu, Jin Yuan, Mingxing Yao, Yi He, Xingzhang Luo, and Zheng Zheng. 2016. "Assessment of the Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality for Agricultural Lands with Crop Rotation in China by Using a HYPE Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030336