Correlation of Zinc with Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Determining Zinc in Biological Samples
2.3. Measuring Markers of Oxidative Stress
2.4. Study Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patients’ Characteristics
Parameters | RNS (n = 139) | RS (n = 79) | NSHP (n = 21) | SHP (n = 15) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | |
Height (cm) | 159.10 ± 32.05 | 155.51–162.69 | 164.61 ± 8.24 | 163.1–166.1 | 165.67 ± 10.68 | 161.31–170.09 | 169.40 ± 9.28 | 164.83–173.97 |
Weight (kg) | 64.59 ± 17.59 | 62.63–66.57 | 66.80 ± 12.20 | 64.56–69.04 | 75.81 ± 16.35 | 69.07–82.53 | 78.53 ± 11.49 | 72.84–84.16 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.59 ± 5.60 | 22.97–24.23 | 24.60 ± 3.72 | 23.92–25.28 | 27.50 ± 4.68 | 25.57–29.43 | 27.56 ± 4.82 | 25.24–29.96 |
SBP (mmHg) | 114.69 ± 15.74 | 112.94–116.46 | 113.22 ± 17.39 | 110.01–116.39 | 143.49 ± 11.57 | 138.74–148.26 | 133.51 ± 13.78 | 126.71–140.29 |
DBP (mmHg) | 73.81 ± 10.19 | 72.66–74.94 | 73.67 ± 11.54 | 71.59–75.81 | 91.16 ± 5.73 | 88.86–93.54 | 86.58 ± 9.69 | 81.83–91.37 |
PP (mmHg) | 40.94 ± 10.22 | 39.76–42.04 | 39.60 ± 10.53 | 37.67–41.53 | 52.31 ± 12.76 | 47.05–57.55 | 47.27 ± 14.78 | 40.02–54.58 |
Waist (cm) | 81.73 ± 12.20 | 80.33–83.07 | 81.50 ± 10.48 | 79.57–83.43 | 89.72 ± 12.24 | 84.69–94.71 | 91.43 ± 8.01 | 87.47–95.33 |
Hip (cm) | 99.60 ± 6.11 | 98.92–101.28 | 101.51 ± 14.93 | 98.77–104.23 | 104.06 ± 10.17 | 99.91–108.29 | 104.79 ± 8.96 | 100.37–109.23 |
Waist/hip ratio | 0.83 ± 0.09 | 0.79–0.81 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | 0.78–0.82 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.86–0.94 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.85–0.95 |
Number of cigarettes smoked per day | 14.73 ± 9.49 | 12.96–16.44 | 18.47 ± 13.90 | 11.66–25.34 | ||||
Years of non-smoking | 6.18 ± 6.41 | 5.48–6.92 | 14.10 ± 9.91 | 10.04–18.16 |
Parameters | RNS | RS | NSHP | SHP | Total | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Diabetes | No | 139 | 54.7 | 78 | 30.7 | 21 | 8.3 | 15 | 5.9 | 253 | 99.6 | 254 | 100 |
Yes | 0 | 1 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||||
No | 139 | 54.7 | 79 | 31.1 | 21 | 8.3 | 15 | 5.9 | 254 | 100 | 254 | 100 | |
yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.9 | 0 | |||||||
No | 77 | 30.3 | 32 | 12.6 | 11 | 4.3 | 6 | 2.4 | 126 | 49.6 | 253 | 99.6 | |
Yes | 62 | 24.4 | 47 | 18.5 | 9 | 3.5 | 9 | 3.5 | 127 | 50.0 | |||
No | 120 | 47.2 | 69 | 27.2 | 16 | 6.3 | 12 | 4.7 | 217 | 85.4 | 254 | 100 | |
Yes | 19 | 7.5 | 10 | 3.9 | 5 | 2.0 | 3 | 1.2 | 37 | 14.6 | |||
No | 139 | 54.7 | 79 | 31.1 | 20 | 7.9 | 15 | 5.9 | 253 | 99.6 | 254 | 100 | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | ||||||
No | 127 | 50.0 | 67 | 26.4 | 14 | 5.5 | 10 | 3.9 | 218 | 85.8 | 254 | 100 | |
Yes | 12 | 4.7 | 12 | 4.7 | 7 | 2.8 | 5 | 2.0 | 36 | 14.2 | |||
0 | 54 | 21.3 | 26 | 10.2 | 0 | 1 | 0.4 | 81 | 31.9 | 254 | 100 | ||
1 | 45 | 17.7 | 25 | 9.8 | 7 | 2.8 | 5 | 2.0 | 82 | 32.3 | |||
2 | 28 | 11.0 | 17 | 6.7 | 7 | 2.8 | 4 | 1.6 | 56 | 22.0 | |||
3 | 8 | 3.1 | 8 | 3.1 | 3 | 1.2 | 4 | 1.6 | 23 | 9.1 | |||
4 | 4 | 1.6 | 3 | 1.2 | 4 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.4 | 12 | 4.7 | |||
No | 139 | 54.7 | 79 | 31.1 | 21 | 8.3 | 15 | 5.9 | 254 | 100 | 254 | 100 | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Biomarkers (1) | Non-hypertensive (n = 218) | Hypertensive (n = 36) | p-value (2) | p-value (3) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-smoker (n = 139) | Smoker (n = 79) | p value | Non-smoker (n = 21) | Smoker (n = 15) | p value | |||||||
Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | Mean ± SD | 95%CI | |||||
Zn serum (μmol/L) | 13.39 ± 4.35 | 12.92–13.88 | 12.80 ± 3.77 | 12.10–13.50 | 0.314 | 12.32 ± 3.19 | 10.99–13.61 | 12.23 ± 4.30 | 10.08–14.32 | 0.942 | 0.281 | 0.601 |
Zn urine (μmol/L) | 2.55 ± 2.91 | 2.27–2.93 | 2.59 ± 2.74 | 2.10–3.10 | 0.921 | 2.78 ± 2.13 | 1.94–3.66 | 2.69 ± 3.57 | 0.93–4.47 | 0.771 | 0.728 | 0.902 |
Zn serum/urine | 43.74 ± 67.19 | 36.17–51.23 | 43.13 ± 69.24 | 30.40–55.79 | 0.949 | 28.79 ± 60.36 | 4.01–53.59 | 15.40 ± 17.36 | 6.84–23.96 | 0.336 | 0.337 | 0.082 |
8-OHdG | 3.24 ± 1.72 | 3.05–3.43 | 3.34 ± 1.41 | 3.08–3.60 | 0.660 | 2.66 ± 0.79 | 2.34–2.98 | 2.03 ± 0.90 | 1.59–2.47 | 0.032 | 0.115 | 0.0008 |
MDA | 0.63 ± 0.66 | 0.56–0.70 | 0.59 ± 0.70 | 0.46–0.72 | 0.674 | 0.62 ± 0.58 | 0.38–0.86 | 0.49 ± 0.22 | 0.38–0.60 | 0.342 | 0.948 | 0.314 |
GSH | 16.30 ± 7.89 | 15.42–17.18 | 17.68 ± 7.52 | 16.30–19.06 | 0.208 | 16.28 ± 7.14 | 13.35–19.21 | 16.45 ± 6.18 | 13.41–19.49 | 0.941 | 0.991 | 0.553 |
GSSG | 0.77 ± 0.71 | 0.69–0.85 | 0.75 ± 0.51 | 0.66–0.84 | 0.826 | 0.97 ± 0.79 | 0.65–1.29 | 0.80 ± 0.31 | 0.65–0.95 | 0.353 | 0.237 | 0.482 |
GSSG/GSH (4) | 15.67 ± 35.56 | 11.68–19.66 | 10.60 ± 24.49 | 6.11–15.09 | 0.262 | 21.44 ± 56.73 | −1.85–44.73 | 10.81 ± 21.92 | 0.03–21.59 | 0.385 | 0.508 | 0.975 |
G Total | 17.85 ± 8.20 | 16.93–18.77 | 19.18 ± 7.65 | 17.78–20.58 | 0.239 | 18.22 ± 7.22 | 15.26–21.18 | 18.05 ± 6.25 | 14.98–21.12 | 0.942 | 0.845 | 0.592 |
3.2. Association of OS Markers with Zn Serum/Urine Quotient and Cotinine Levels
3.3. OS Risk Factors
Biomarkers | Zn Serum/Urine | |||||||
RNS | RS | NSHP | SHP | |||||
C. Pearson | p-value | C. Pearson | p-value | C. Pearson | p-value | C. Pearson | p-value | |
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | 0.123 | 0.150 | 0.178 | 0.118 | 0.417 | 0.060 | −0.217 | 0.436 |
Malondialdehyde (MDA) | 0.049 | 0.565 | −0.038 | 0.739 | −0.184 | 0.424 | −0.097 | 0.731 |
Reduced glutathione (GSH) | −0.067 | 0.434 | 0.166 | 0.146 | 0.156 | 0.500 | −0.571 | 0.026 |
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) | −0.087 | 0.310 | −0.106 | 0.356 | −0.245 | 0.285 | −0.264 | 0.341 |
Percentage oxidized glut. (GSSG/GSH) | 0.062 | 0.467 | −0.145 | 0.205 | −0.146 | 0.526 | 0.639 | 0.010 |
Total glutathione | −0.079 | 0.353 | 0.149 | 0.192 | 0.100 | 0.665 | −0.591 | 0.020 |
Biomarkers | Cotinine | |||||||
RNS | RS | NSHP | SHP | |||||
C. Pearson | p-value | C. Pearson | p-value | C. Pearson | p-value | C. Pearson | p-value | |
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | --- | --- | 0.019 | 0.869 | --- | --- | 0.087 | 0.759 |
Malondialdehyde (MDA) | --- | --- | 0.166 | 0.143 | --- | --- | 0.008 | 0.978 |
Reduced glutathione (GSH) | --- | --- | −0.045 | 0.696 | --- | --- | −0.154 | 0.584 |
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) | --- | --- | −0.084 | 0.461 | --- | --- | 0.000 | 1.0 |
Percentage oxidized glut. GSSG/GSH | --- | --- | 0.044 | 0.700 | --- | --- | −0.097 | 0.732 |
Total glutathione | --- | --- | −0.055 | 0.630 | --- | --- | −0.152 | 0.589 |
Biomarkers | P 75 (nmol/mmol creat.) | Non-hypertensive and Non-smoker/Non-hypertensive and Smoker | Non-hypertensive and Non-smoker/Hypertensive and Non-smoker | Non-hypertensive and Non-smoker/Hypertensive and Smoker | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | AOR (1) | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | AOR (1) | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | AOR (1) | 95%CI | ||
8-OHdG | P < 4.10 | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- |
P > 4.10 | 1.27 | 0.68–2.36 | 1.41 | 0.73–2.73 | 0.15 | 0.02–1.19 | 0.16 | 0.02–1.34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
MDA | P < 0.75 | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- |
P > 0.75 | 1.12 | 0.59–2.10 | 1.05 | 0.54–2.04 | 0.72 | 0.23–2.31 | 0.49 | 0.12–1.96 | 0.22 | 0.03–1.74 | 0.17 | 0.02–1.68 | |
GSH | P < 21.34 | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- |
P > 21.34 | 0.81 | 0.43–1.51 | 0.86 | 0.44–1.68 | 0.78 | 0.28–2.16 | 0.77 | 0.24–2.49 | 0.62 | 0.19–1.95 | 0.47 | 0.13–1.69 | |
GSSG | P < 0.87 | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- |
P > 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.51–1.86 | 0.98 | 0.50–1.91 | 2.80 | 1.09–7.18 | 3.06 | 0.96–9.71 | 1.12 | 0.34–3.76 | 1.73 | 0.45–6.67 | |
GSSG/GSH | P < 6.7 | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- |
P > 6.7 | 0.72 | 0.36–1.43 | 0.64 | 0.32–1.30 | 1.54 | 0.58–4.14 | 1.92 | 0.59–6.27 | 0.77 | 0.20–2.89 | 1.25 | 0.29–5.38 | |
Total glutathione | P < 23.14 | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- | 1 | --- |
P > 23.14 | 1.09 | 0.57–2.06 | 1.02 | 0.51–2.02 | 1.60 | 0.60–4.31 | 1.57 | 0.49–4.99 | 1.17 | 0.35–3.91 | 1.58 | 0.41–6.19 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Hypertension and the Zinc Serum/Urine Quotient
4.2. Hypertension, Smoking, Zinc Alterations and OS
4.3. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Morales-Suárez-Varela, M.; Llopis-González, A.; González-Albert, V.; López-Izquierdo, R.; González-Manzano, I.; Cháves, J.; Huerta-Biosca, V.; Martin-Escudero, J.C. Correlation of Zinc with Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3060-3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303060
Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Llopis-González A, González-Albert V, López-Izquierdo R, González-Manzano I, Cháves J, Huerta-Biosca V, Martin-Escudero JC. Correlation of Zinc with Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):3060-3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303060
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Suárez-Varela, María, Agustín Llopis-González, Verónica González-Albert, Raúl López-Izquierdo, Isabel González-Manzano, Javier Cháves, Vicente Huerta-Biosca, and Juan C. Martin-Escudero. 2015. "Correlation of Zinc with Oxidative Stress Biomarkers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 3060-3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303060